East  Technical  High  School 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO 


CATALOGUE 


THE  EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  PRESS 
CLEVELAND,  OHIO 

1916 


East  Technical  High  School 


CLEVELAND.  OHIO 


CATALOGUE 


THE  EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  PRESS 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO 

1916 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

DIRECTORY    Page  V 

GENERAL    INFORMATION 1 

Historical  statement,  equipment,  aims,  methods  and 
courses  of  study. 

ACADEMIC    DEPARTMENTS 10 

English,  German,  History,  Geography,  Physiology, 
Botany,  Mathematics,  Chemistry  and  Physics. 

TECHNICAL   DEPARTMENTS   FOR   BOYS 21 

Drawing,  Cabinet  Making,  Pattern  Making,  Forge 
Shop,  Sheet  Metal  Work,  Machine  Shop,  Shop  Mathe- 
matics, Electrical  Construction,  Printing,  Agriculture. 

TECHNICAL    DEPARTMENTS    FOR   GIRLS 33 

Foods  and  Household  Management,  Vocational 
Cooking,  Sewing,  Millinery. 

ART    DEPARTMENT 39 

Applied  Art,  Costume  Design,  Arts  and  Crafts. 

PHYSICAL  EDUCATION 42 

VOCATIONAL  GUIDANCE  AND  EMPLOYMENT  DEPARTMENT 44 

ORGANIZATONS    44 

NIGHT   SCHOOL 45 

INDEX    .47 


2O65686 


THE  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION 


ORGANIZATION  FOR  JANUARY,   1916 


Members 


Edward  Bushnell 
Virginia  D.  Green 
Emma  M.  Perkins 


Bertram   D.   Quarrie 
F.  W.  Steffen 
Mark  L.  Thomsen 


E.   M.  Williams 


Officers 

Edward   Bushnell,   President 
J.  M.  H.  Frederick,  Superintendent  of  Schools 
Edward  L.  Harris,  District  Superintendent 
Frank  G.  Hogen,  Director  of  Schools 


Address    all    communications    in    regard    to    East    Technical 
High  School  to  James  F.  Barker.  Principal,  Cleveland,  O. 


East    L  ecnnical  ilign  ocnool 


GENERAL  INFORMATION 


HISTORICAL  STATEMENT 

The  Cleveland  East  Technical  High  School  was  built  as  a 
result  of  a  survey  by  a  commission  appointed  by  the  Cleveland 
Board  of  Education,  February  29,  1905. 

The  findings  of  the  Educational  Commission  were  embodied 
in  a  series  of  reports  submitted  to  the  Board  of  Education  during 
the  years  1905  and  1906.  On  September  26,  1905,  the  following 
resolution  was  adopted : 

"That  the  Educational  Committee  of  this  Board  be  hereby 
instructed  to  investigate  the  advisability  of  establishing  a  Manual 
Training  High  School  in  this  city  and  that  it  be  empowered  to 
extend  its  investigation  to  other  cities  as  it  may  deem  wise  and 
that  the  expense  of  such  investigation  be  and  is  hereby  authorized 
by  this  Board." 

On  Monday,  March  5,  1906,  the  Board  of  Education  unan- 
imously adopted  a  resolution  authorizing  the  issue  of  bonds  for 
$350,000  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  Manual  Training  High 
School.  A  marked  change  as  to  what  should  be  the  policy  of  the 
school  subsequently  led  to  a  change  from  the  name  as  above 
proposed  to  the  present  one,  The  East  Technical  High  School  of 
Cleveland. 

The  selection  of  a  site  was  definitely  agreed  upon  Aug.  13, 
1906.  Its  location  on  East  55th  Street  at  the  corner  of  Scovill 
Avenue  places  the  school  within  easy  access  from  all  parts  of 
the  city.  It  may  be  reached  by  the  East  55th  Street  car  line  from 
the  South  Side  direct  and  from  the  East  and  West  Sides  by 
transfer  from  the  various  lines.  The  Scovill  Avenue  line  connects 
directly  with  the  business  district.  The  neighborhood  is  ideal  for 
such  a  school,  being  on  the  edge  of  a  great  manufacturing  district 
and  yet  not  actually  within  the  smoke  and  grime  of  such  localities. 

Active  operation  was  begun  on  the  building  Aug.  30,  1907. 
The  building  was  opened  for  the  enrollment  of  pupils  and  the 
organization  of  classes  promptly  on  the  date  of  the  beginning 
of  the  Fall  Quarter,  Oct.  5,  1908.  One  week  later,  Oct.  12, 


2  GENERAL   INFORMATION 

regular  class  work  began  in  all  departments  with  an  attendance 
of  over  seven  hundred  pupils.  Within  three  years  the  enroll- 
ment had  increased  to  1,500,  requiring  an  additional  school  of 
similar  nature  west  of  the  river.  The  total  enrollment  for  this 
\  cur  is  over  2,300. 

BUILDING  AND  EQUIPMENT 

The  style  of  the  building  is  English  Gothic  and  in  its  harmoni- 
ous proportions  and  adaptation  to  its  purpose  it  reflects  great 
credit  upon  its  designer,  Architect  F.  S.  Barnum.  The  dark 
reddish  brown  superstructure  with  terra  cotta  trimming  upon  a 
heavy  stone  water  table  gives  an  effect  of  strength  and  massive- 
ness  well  calculated  to  offset  the  unusual  amount  of  wall  space 
sacrificed  to  ample  lighting ;  while  the  imposing  eastern  facade 
is  divided  by  the  projections  of  the  end  wings  and  of  the  central 
pavilion  into  a  most  pleasing  symmetry  of  line  and  color. 

The  plan  of  the  building  is  like  the  letter  "E"  in  form,  there 
being  three  wings  abutting  Irom  the  west  upon  the  main  por- 
tion which  extends  north-and-south  between  Scovill  and  Port- 
land Avenues,  fronting  on  East  55th  Street.  The  main  entrance 
is  approached  on  East  55th  Street  by  a  flight  of  granite  steps. 
There  are  two  other  entrances  on  Portland  and  Scovill  Ave- 
nues, respectively. 

Upon  entering  the  building  from  the  front  one  finds  at 
the  right  a  study  for  men  teachers  and  at  the  left  the  offices  of 
administration.  Directly  opposite  across  the  main  corridor  which 
connects  the  north  and  south  wings,  is  the  spacious  auditorium 
with  a  seating  capacity,  including  the  balcony,  of  thirteen  hundred. 
Flights  of  stairs  to  the  right  and  left  of  the  auditorium  entrances 
lead  down  into  the  basement.  Here  the  central  space  is  occupied 
by  the  ventilating  apparatus.  The  lecture  rooms  and  laboratories 
for  physics  and  chemistry  are  at  each  end.  In  the  north  wing 
the  entire  area  is  devoted  to  a  lunch  room,  with  the  necessary 
kitchen  and  serving  rooms.  Directly  under  the  auditorium  are 
the  gymnasium,  encircled  by  its  elevated  cork  running  track,  the 
showers  and  locker  rooms. 

The  entire  south  wing  of  this  as  well  as  of  the  first  floor  is 
occupied  by  the  shops.  The  pottery  department  is  well  equipped 
with  potter's  wheels,  lathes  for  turning  models,  a  slip  house  and 
glaze  room  set,  kilns,  etc.  Adjacent  to  this  is  the  forge  shop  with 
provisions  for  a  blacksmith  class  of  thirty-six.  The  forges  have 
down  draft  and  the  entire  equipment  is  thoroughly  modern.  The 
next  room  is  the  machine  shop  with  heavy  equipment  suitable  for 


EAST  '1T.CHX1CAL  MKiH  SCHOOL  3 

the  very  best  of  trade  instruction.  At  the  end  of  the  corridor  is 
a  foundry  with  a  cupola  for  the  melting  of  iron,  a  brass  furnace, 
suitable  core  ovens,  etc.  At  the  extreme  rear  of  the  building  the 
heating  and  power  plant  is  installed.  This  furnishes  heat,  electric 
light  and  power,  and  lias  a  capacity  of  over  four  hundred  horse- 
power. 

On  the  first  and  second  floors,  the  main  part  of  the  building 
and  the  Scovill  Avenue  wing  are  occupied  by  recitation  rooms. 
Three  large  rooms  at  the  Portland  and  Scovill  Avenue  corners, 
with  a  seating  capacity  of  one  hundred  and  fifty,  are  reserved  as 
study  halls.  In  the  Portland  Avenue  wing  are  seven  wood- 
working rooms,  including  joinery,  turning,  cabinet  making  and 
pattern-making  shops.  At  the  end  of  the  wing  corridor  is  a 
room  for  re-sawing  and  storing.  In  addition  to  the  usual  hand 
tools  in  these  rooms,  suitable  woodworking  machinery  has  been 
installed  to  meet  the  requirements  of  modern  methods  of  manu- 
facture. Opposite  the  entrance  to  this  corridor  is  a  drafting  room 
for  the  preparation  of  designs  for  shop  problems.  This  is  easily 
accessible  to  all  pupils  in  the  woodworking  department.  There  is 
also  a  room  for  varnishing  and  finishing  woodwork. 

On  the  second  floor  are  additional  recitation  rooms,  the  school 
library  and  mechanical  drawing  rooms. 

On  the  third  floor  the  Scovill  Avenue  wing  is  entirely  devoted 
to  the  girls'  departments.  Here  are  located  the  kitchen  for 
instruction  in  cookery,  the  dining  room  for  lessons  in  table 
service,  and  the  laundry.  Rooms  for  instruction  in  plain  sewing, 
dressmaking  and  millinery  are  situated  in  the  corner  of  the 
building.  Additional  mechanical  and  freehand  drawing,  applied 
art  and  recitation  rooms  occupy  the  remaining  floor  space.  A 
rest  room  is  also  provided  for  girls  and  \vomen  teachers. 

The  fourth  floor  is  occupied  by  additional  rooms  of  the  depart- 
ment of  applied  arts  and  by  the  printing  shop. 

Across  the  street  from  the  main  building  stands  a  two-story 
annex  providing  complete  facilities  for  250  girls. 

Instead  of  cloak  rooms,  individual  steel  lockers  are  built  into 
the  walls  of  the  corridors  on  each  floor,  each  locker  being 
separately  ventilated  by  the  vacuum  system.  Each  student  *s 
assigned  one  of  these  lockers,  also  a  shop  and  a  gymnasium 
locker,  and  is  provided  with  an  individual  key  to  each. 

LIBRARY 

This  was  organized  as  a  branch  of  the  Cleveland  Public 
Library  in  1909  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  books  and  other 


4  (  ;KX KRAL  ix FORMATK >x 

material  of  a  technical  nature  for  school  use  rather  than  to  serve 
as  a  library  for  the  general  public.  There  are  about  3,600  books 
in  the  library,  one  half  furnished  by  the  Public  Library,  the  other 
half  being  supplied  by  the  Board  of  Education. 

The  Board  of  Education  also  furnishes  the  room,  heat,  light, 
equipment  and  janitor  service.  In  addition,  it  supplies  all  of  the 
magazines,  reference  books  and  supplementary  reading  sets. 

The  Public  Library  furnishes  and  pays  for  the  services  of  a 
library  staff  and  provides  all  circulating  books  and  clerical  sup- 
plies, besides  loaning  about  2,000  books  each  year  for  temporary 
use. 

The  library  is  open  to  teachers  and  pupils  of  the  school  during 
week  days  from  7 :  30  A.  M.  to  4:  00  P.  M. 

AIMS   AND   METHODS 

The  Cleveland  East  Technical  High  School  has  two  immediate 
ends  in  view :  ( 1 )  To  prepare  youth  of  both  sexes  for  a  definite 
vocation  and  for  efficient  industrial  citizenship;  (2)  to  help  men 
and  women  already  engaged  in  a  vocation  to  better  their  condition 
by  increasing  their  technical  skill.  To  such  as  may  desire  to 
pursue  their  studies  still  further  it  also  offers  the  opportunity  to 
prepare  for  entrance  to  technical  schools  of  college  rank.  Such 
students  at  the  close  of  the  second  year  consult  the  Principal  in 
the  arrangement  of  their  courses  for  the  particular  school  for 
which  they  are  preparing. 

A  proper  function  of  this  school  is  the  extending  of  an  oppor- 
tunity for  specialization  down  into  the  period  of  secondary 
education.  This  specialization  of  the  secondary  school  is  no 
untried  experiment  in  the  older  industrial  communities.  It  is,  in 
fact,  an  inevitable  result  of  the  constant  tendency  to  higher 
specialization  which  marks  all  growth  and  progress.  It  finds  its 
economical  justification  in  the  bringing  of  greater  industrial 
efficiency  within  reach  of  the  ninety  six  per  cent  of  our  popula 
tion  who  never  find  beyond  the  high  school  an  opportunity  to  fit 
themselves  for  a  specific  place  and  service  in  our  increasingly 
complex  civilization.  The  East  Technical  High  School  is  in  fact 
but  one  part  of  a  well  defined  plan  of  the  Board  of  Education 
to  provide  for  the  vocational  needs  of  different  classes  of  pupils 
in  the  city. 

SEGREGATION 

In  most  classes  the  nature  of  the  studies  and  the  purpose  in 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  5 

view  are  so  different  as  to  demand  a  separation  of  the  boys  from 
the  girls.  There  is,  therefore,  organized  within  the  one  building 
a  boys'  school  and  a  girls'  school. 

TERRITORY 

The  school  is  open  to  students  living  in  that  part  of  the  city 
east  of  the  Cuyahoga  River.  The  long  distances  from  which 
many  students  come  and  the  length  of  the  daily  session  have 
made  it  necessary  to  provide  a  lunch  room  where  a  warm  noon 
meal  may  be  enjoyed.  This  service  is  conducted  as  nearly  as 
possible  on  a  no-profit  basis.  Ten  cents  will  obtain  a  substan- 
tial lunch.  Pupils  may  also  bring  all  or  part  of  their  luncheon 
from  home  if  they  so  prefer. 

DAILY  SESSION 

(  hving  to  the  crowded  condition  of  the  school,  the  pupils  are 
divided  into  two  groups  with  different  hours  of  attendance.  The 
first  group  has  a  nine-period  day  from  8:00  to  3:15;  the  second 
from  8 :  45  to  4 :  00.  The  schedule  of  technical  and  laboratory 
work  is  arranged  in  double  periods.  Ordinarily  each  student  is 
expected  to  carry  three  academic  and  two  technical  or  laboratory 
subjects. 

SCHOOL  YEAR 

The  school  is  in  session  the  year  round.  The  year  is  divided 
into  two  semesters  of  nineteen  weeks  each,  and  a  summer  session 
of  nine  weeks.  By  thus  eliminating  the  long  summer  vacation  a 
saving  of  an  entire  year  in  the  usual  high  school  course  is  made 
possible  to  those  who  desire  it.  This  is  of  great  advantage  to 
the  student  who  for  any  reason  may  wish  to  secure  a  maximum 
of  education  in  a  minimum  of  time.  Those  who  do  not  wish  to 
avail  themselves  of  this  advantage  or  whose  physical  condition 
does  not  permit  of  the  strain  of  continuous  study,  still  have  the 
opportunity  of  devoting  four  full  years  to  their  high  school  course. 

The  plan  of  a  continuous  session  broken  up  into  short  terms 
is  also  of  advantage  to  the  student  who  from  any  cause  fails  in 
some  part  of  his  work,  since  by  these  frequent  opportunities  for 
re  adjustment  he  is  given  a  chance  to  "catch  step"  again  and  go 
on  with  his  work  in  a  new  class  with  comparatively  little  loss 
of  time. 

PURPOSE  OF  THE  SCHOOL 

The  school  is  not  primarily  a  college  preparatory  school. 
Pupils  wishing  to  carry  their  technical  education  further  are  not 


6  GENERAL  INFORMATION 

limited  in  their  outlook  when  they  enter  this  school.  Therefore 
the  course  has  been  so  arranged  that  a  differentiation  may  take 
place  at  the  end  of  the  second  year  and  the  pupils  intending  to 
enter  a  technical  college  can  secure  the  proper  preparation.  Thus 
far  graduates  from  this  school  have  been  accepted  upon  certificate 
at  Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Columbia  University,  Purdue 
University,  Ohio  State  University,  Carnegie  Technical  Schools, 
University  of  Michigan,  College  for  Women  of  Western  Reserve 
University  and  several  other  institutions  having  technical  courses. 
The  preparation  of  girls  for  normal  work  in  Domestic  Science 
and  Art,  such  as  is  offered  at  the  College  for  Women,  is  usually 
well  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  courses  of  these  institu- 
tions. The  school  does  not  prepare  for  courses  in  classical  or 
literary  colleges. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT  OF  THE  COURSE 

The  aim  of  this  school  is  to  give  the  pupils  a  good,  general 
education,  with  emphasis  upon  the  study  of  sciences,  at  the  same 
time  that  they  are  acquiring  technical  training.  Courses  are  so 
arranged  that  the  pupil  has  the  greatest  possible  earning  power, 
no  matter  when  he  finds  it  necessary  to  leave  school. 

An  inspection  of  the  course  of  study  shows  that,  in  addition 
to  the  technical  subjects  required  for  graduation,  boys  recite  daily 
for  three  years  in  English,  three  years  in  mathematics,  three  years 
in  science  and  one  year  in  American  history  and  civics.  Girls 
recite  daily  for  three  years  in  English,  two  years  in  mathematics, 
three  years  in  science  and  two  years  in  history.  During  the  first 
and  second  years,  in  addition  to  the  academic  studies,  four  forty- 
five  minute  periods  are  devoted  daily  to  manual  work. 

In  technical  branches  the  work  approaches  shop  conditions 
and  the  pupil  is  trained  to  secure  both  accuracy  and  speed.  In 
addition  to  academic  studies  every  boy  takes  work  in  drafting, 
pattern  making,  forging,  foundry,  and  machine  shop  practice. 
He  may  specialize  in  any  of  these  lines,  also  in  chemistry,  elec- 
trical construction,  printing,  gymnasium,  design  and  cartooning. 
Boys  preparing  for  an  engineering  college  must  elect  German 
or  French  the  last  two  years. 

Specialization  occurs  only  in  the  last  two  years  of  the  four 
year  course.  This  serves  a  twofold  purpose.  The  pupil  has  time 
to  find  himself  and  it  enables  the  teachers  to  determine  what  kind 


EAST  TI-X'IINICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  7 

of  work  he  should  take  up.  And  since  technical  lines  are  closely 
allied  each  boy  has  a  knowledge  of  the  fundamentals  of  manu- 
facture before  he  begins  to  specialize. 

In  the  girls'  courses  emphasis  is  laid  upon  the  household  arts 
and  the  duties  of  home-making.  Cooking,  sewing  and  costume 
design  are  given  in  addition  to  the  girls'  courses  in  English, 
mathematics  and  science.  At  the  beginning  of  the  third  year, 
girls  may  either  select  a  general  course  in  household  economy  or 
they  may  specialize.  Girls  are  admitted  to  the  Normal  School 
from  the  Technical  High  Schools  upon  attaining  the  required 
standing  at  graduation. 

Those  desiring  to  teach  domestic  science  or  domestic  art 
receive  the  preparation  required  by  colleges  that  fit  teachers  for 
these  branches. 

The  course  of  study  for  boys  and  girls  may  be  found  on  the 
following  pages. 


8  C.KXKRAL   INFORMATION 

COURSE  OF  STUDY  FOR  BOYS 

FIRST  YEAR 

Periods 
Subjects  Per  week 

English     5 

Mathematics    5 

Industrial    Geography    5 

Mechanical   Drawing    6 

Woodworking     10 

Physical  Training  4  or  3 

Study     10  or  11 

SECOND  YEAR 

English    5 

Mathematics    5 

Chemistry     6 

Mechanical   Drawing    4 

Shop     10 

Physical    Training    4  or  3 

Study     11  or  12 

THIRD  YEAR 

English      5 

Physics    6 

German  or  French  or  Industrial  History 5 

or  Elective  Technical    10 

Mechanical    Drawing — one    semester 4 

Shop— one  semester   10 

Elective    Technical — one    semester 14 

Study     IS 

FOURTH  YEAR 

Advanced    Mathematics    5 

American   History  and   Civics 5 

German  or  French,  or  Elective  Academic 5 

or  Elective  Technical    10 

Elective   Technical    15 

Study     IS  or  10 

In  the  third  and  fourth  years  pupils  may  elect  three  or  four  periods  -of 
Physical  Training. 

In  the   fourth  year  pupils   may  elect  two  periods  of   Sex   Hygiene  in 
place  of  two  periods  of  Physical  Training. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  9 

COURSE  OF  STUDY  FOR  GIRLS 
FIRST  YEAR 

Periods 
Subjects  per  week 

English    5 

Mathematics    5 

Botany  and    Physiology    5 

Cooking    6 

Sewing    4 

Applied    Arts    6 

Physical    Training    4  or    3 

Study    10  or  11 

SECOND  YEAR 

English    5 

Mathematics 5 

Chemistry     6 

Cooking 4 

Sewing    6 

Applied    Arts    4 

Physical    Training    4  or  3 

Study     11  or  12 

THIRD  YEAR 

English    5 

M.  and  M.  History 5 

Physics  or  German  or  French „ 6  or     5 

Elective   Technical    IS 

Study     14  or  15 

FOURTH  YEAR 

Art   History  and   Civics 5 

Science  or  German  or  French 5 

Elective   Academic    5 

or   Elective   Technical 10 

Elective  Technical    15 

Study 10  or  15 

In  the  first  and  second  years  the  fourteen  or  sixteen  periods  assigned  to 
Technical  training  may  be  sub-divided  as  follows :  Cooking  or  Sewing  4, 
Applied  Arts  10  periods. 

In  the  third  and  fourth  years  pupils  may  elect  two  or  three  periods  of 
Physical  Training. 

In  the  fourth  year  pupils  may  elect  two  periods  of  Sex  Hygiene  in  place 
of  two  periods  of  Physical  Training. 

Pupils  selecting  a  foreign  language  in  the  Junior  and  Senior  Years  will 
take  Physics  in  the  Senior  year. 


10  ACADEMIC  DEPARTMENTS 

ACADEMIC  DEPARTMENTS 
ENGLISH 

BOYS  AND  GIRLS 

The  object  of  the  course  in  English  is  twofold;  first,  to  enable 
the  pupil  to  write  and  speak  clearly,  correctly,  convincingly,  and 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  awaken  interest ;  second,  to  teach  him  to 
read  literature  understandingly  and  appreciatively,  and  to  judge 
its  value. 

CLASSICS 

Year  I — Semester  1 :  Rip  Van  Winkle,  The  Legend  of  Sleepy 
Hollow,  Sohrab  and  Rustum,  Enoch  Arden,  The  Christmas  Carol, 
The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth.  Semester  2:  Ivanhoe,  The  Iliad  (4 
books,  Bryant's  translation),  A  Midsummer-Night's  Dream. 

Year  II — Semester  1 :  Silas  Marner,  The  Idylls  of  the  King, 
The  Ancient  Mariner,  Treasure  Island.  Semester  2:  Poe's  Tales, 
A  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  Macbeth. 

Year  III — Semester  1:  The  Life  of  Johnson  (Macaulay), 
Hamlet  or  The  House  of  Seven  Gables,  Halleck's  History  of 
English  Literature,  first  six  chapters.  Semester  2 :  Burke's  Speech 
on  Conciliation,  Halleck's  History  of  English  Literature,  last  four 
chapters. 

SUPPLEMENTARY   TEXTS 

One  or  two  recitations  are  spent  on  the  opening  chapters  of  the 
books  named  below,  after  which  the  pupils  finish  the  books  by 
themselves  and  make  reports  on  characterization,  plot  and  purpose. 
There  are  thirty  copies  of  each  in  the  library,  and  they  are  used 
as  follows :  Year  I — Semester  1 :  Captains  Courageous ;  Caleb 
West.  Semester  2 :  Capt.  Thos.  A.  Scott ;  Careers  of  Danger  and 
Daring.  Year  II — Semester  1 :  The  Day's  Work.  Semester  2 : 
The  Mysterious  Island. 

HOME  READING  -  ' , 

One  book  a  month  is  required  for  home  reading.  These  books 
are  chosen  from  a  list  prepared  by  a  Special  Committee  of  the 
National  Council  of  Teachers  of  English ;  also  from  two  lists  of 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  11 

fiction  prepared  by  Miss  McKitrick,  one  graded  according  to  the 
age  of  the  pupils,  the  other  classified  as  to  subject  matter.  Mr.  G. 
O.  Ward,  of  the  city  library,  has  prepared  a  list  of  books  in 
general  literature,  classified  as  to  form.  These  lists  will  help  the 
teacher  to  select  reading  for  the  pupils.  Conference  with  pupils 
to  find  individual  tastes  is  necessary.  Mr.  Ward  has  prepared 
bibliographies  on  Machine  Tools,  Gas  Engines,  Foundry  Practice 
and  Pattern  Making,  Electricity,  Furniture,  Carpentry,  House- 
keeping and  Home  Economics.  Pupils  specializing  in  any  of  these 
subjects  are  encouraged  to  read  books  from  these  lists.  Reports, 
chiefly  oral,  are  required  once  a  month. 

COMPOSITION— RHETORIC 

BOYS  AND  GIRLS 

Text : — Blaisdell's  Composition-Rhetoric. 

COMPOSITION 

One  short  theme  a  week  required  for  one  year  and  a  half ; 
longer  themes  at  longer  intervals  in  the  latter  part  of  the  course, 
where  the  emphasis  is  placed  on  the  short  story,  dramatization, 
the  essay,  and  the  debate.  Besides  the  compositions  based  on  the 
text,  themes,  chiefly  expository,  on  work  done  in  the  shops  are 
required  once  a  month.  Typical  subjects  are:  Laying  out  mortise 
and  tenon  joints ;  How  to  make  a  split  pattern ;  The  process  of 
welding ;  The  use  of  the  engine  lathe ;  A  comparison  of  the 
nutritive  value  of  veal  and  lamb  with  that  of  beef  and  mutton ; 
How  to  furnish  a  dining  room. 

RHETORIC 

One  lesson  a  week  is  given  to  this  course,  which  includes 
punctuation,  clearness,  purity,  precision,  unity  and  force.  The 
emphasis  is  placed,  not  on  rules,  but  on  the  correction  and  improve- 
ment of  sentences.  The  aim  is  to  leave  with  the  pupil  a  sense  of 
good  sentence  structure,  rather  than  a  knowledge  of  rules. 

ORAL    EXPRESSION 

Emphasis  is  put  on  oral  composition  as  a  basis  for  the  written 
work,  and  as  a  training  in  oral  expression.  Outlines  for  themes 
and  the  best  methods  of  presentation  of  subjects  are  discussed  in 
class.  The  pupils  get  the  benefit  of  the  general  criticism  as  to 


12  ACADEMIC  DEPARTMENTS 

development  and  arrangement  of  material,  sentence  structure,  use 
of  words,  unity  and  clearness.  The  greatest  value  is  the  training 
in  sustained  thinking. 

LIBRARY  WORK 

Most  of  this  work  is  given  in  the  first  year  and  is  based  on 
the  hrst  six  chapters  of  Ward's  Practical  Use  of  Books  and 
Libraries.  There  are  one  hundred  copies  in  the  library  for  the 
use  of  pupils.  Four  lessons  are  spent  on  the  text,  and  one  recita- 
tion period  with  the  librarian  who  explains  where  to  find  books 
and  how  to  use  the  card  catalogue.  Written  tests  are  given  by 
the  librarian  on  the  use  of  the  dictionary  and  encyclopedia 
Chapter  seven  of  Mr.  Ward's  book  is  studied  in  connection  witn 
the  work  in  argumentation. 

SPELLING 

Fifteen  minutes  a  week  for  three  years  is  devoted  to  this  work; 
words  are  taken  from  Sandwick  and  Bacon's  School  Speller. 

PUBLICATIONS 

The  best  compositions  in  the  English  classes  are  published  in 
a  monthly  school  magazine  and  an  Annual. 

GERMAN 

BOYS  AND  GIRLS 

A  college  preparatory  course  in  German  is  offered  as  an 
elective  in  the  third  and  fourth  years.  Students  not  preparing 
for  college  omit  this  course. 

Juniors  are  expected  to  acquire  a  ready  knowledge  of  the 
essentials  of  German  grammar,  which  are  applied  in  reading, 
translation,  writing  and  conversation.  Facility  in  using  the 
language  is  gained  by  the  use  of  conversational  exercises,  the 
reading  and  discussion  of  German  life,  its  thought,  manners  and 
customs. 

Seniors  review  the  grammar  constantly  by  incidental  exercise 
in  composition  and  reading  throughout  the  course. 

The  text-books  in  use  at  present  are:  First  Year: — Bier- 
wirth's  "German  Grammar."  Guerber's  "Maerchen  und  Er- 
zaehlungen."  Bacon's  "Im  Vaterland."  Second  Year: — Pope's 
"German  Prose  and  Composition."  Hillern's  "Hoeher  als  die 
Kirche."  Von  Moser's  "Der  Bibliothekar." 

HISTORY 

BOYS  AND  GIRLS 

The  aim  of  the  courses  is  to  assist  the  pupils  to  understand 
tbe  basis  of  our  industrial,  political  and  social  life,  and  also,  in  a 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  13 

measure  to  perceive  the  trend  of  these  same  phases  in  our 
national  life.  To  emphasize  this  aim,  one  recitation  a  week  is 
devoted  to  the  study  and  discussion  of  current  events  and  ten- 
dencies. Boys  are  required  to  take  one  year,  and  girls  two  years 
of  history. 

CURRENT    HISTORY 

Current  history  is  elective  for  both  boys  and  girls. 

Each  pupil  has  for  his  regular  assignment  the  editorials  in  one 
of  the  Cleveland  daily  papers ;  usually  he  chooses  the  one  that 
comes  regularly  to  his  home.  In  addition,  many  articles  in  the 
leading  magazines  are  received  and  discussed.  The  object  of  the 
course  is  to  make  the  student  familiar  with  the  latest  important 
events  in  the  city,  state,  and  nation. 

AMERICAN     HISTORY    AND    CIVICS 

A  half  year  each  of  American  history  and  civics  is  required  of 
all  students  in  the  fourth  year.  The  aim  in  the  history  course  i? 
to  trace  the  industrial  and  political  development  of  our  country  in 
order  that  present  day  conditions  may  be  better  understood.  The 
course  in  civics  treats  of  the  organization  of  the  various  units 
of  our  government.  The  problems  and  tendencies  of  our  times 
also  receive  much  attention. 

MEDIEVAL    AND    MODERN    HISTORY 

In  the  third  year  a  course  in  medieval  and  modern  European 
history  with  the  history  of  painting-  is  given.  This  course  is 
required  for  the  girls  and  may  be  elected  by  the  boys.  In  the 
first  semester  after  a  very  brief  outline  of  ancient  history  to  give 
the  proper  setting  for  the  medieval,  life  in  its  various  aspects  in 
the  middle  ages  is  taken  up.  The  last  few  weeks  are  devoted 
to  the  Renaissance  and  the  great  artists  of  this  period  are  studied 
by  means  of  pictures  and  supplementary  reading  with  class  reports. 

The  second  semester  is  spent  in  tracing  the  changes  which  have 
taken  place  along  the  lines  of  religious  toleration  and  forms  of 
government.  Emphasis  is  laid  upon  the  correlation  of  history 
and  geography  and  the  connection  between  current  historv  and 
that  of  the  past.  The  history  of  painting  is  taken  up  with  the 
regular  history,  so  that  each  artist's  work  is  shown  in  relation  to 
his  country  and  time.  An  effort  is  made  to  train  the  pupils  to 
understand  and  enjoy  pictures  and  so  to  create  a  permanent 
interest.  In  order  to  become  better  acquainted  with  the  art  in 
Cleveland  a  club  with  voluntary  membership  makes  frequent 
visits  to  exhibits  in  the  city  and  gives  occasional  reports  to  the 
class. 


14  ACADEMIC  DEPARTMENTS 

INDUSTRIAL  GEOGRAPHY 

BOYS 

A  year's  course  in  industrial  geography  is  given  as  a  require- 
ment for  all  boys  during  their  first  year  in  the  school.  This  work 
is  intended  to  give  the  student  an  introduction  to  the  other 
sciences. 

During  the  first  semester  the  time  is  devoted  chiefly  to  the 
physical  side  of  geography.  A  brief  review  of  elementary 
geography  is  made,  followed  by  a  somewhat  detailed  study  of 
those  factors  of  meteorology,  which  have  a  direct  bearing  on  the 
industrial,  social  and  economic  life  of  a  people.  The  weather  and 
climatic  conditions  of  the  various  countries,  together  with  the 
causes  which  govern  these  conditions,  are  considered.  Daily 
local  weather  reports  of  the  temperature,  direction  and  velocity 
of  the  wind,  precipitation,  and  cloudiness,  are  made  by  each 
student.  From  these  reports  a  study  of  storm  movements  and 
weather  changes  is  made.  Rainfall  maps  are  constructed  and 
causes  of  difference  in  amount  of  precipitation  are  discussed. 

The  processes  of  weathering,  erosion  and  glaciation,  and  the 
resultant  land  forms  are  studied  in  some  detail.  A  laboratory 
and  field  acquaintance  with  the  common  rocks,  together  with 
some  knowledge  of  their  structure  and  formation,  is  acquired. 

The  second  semester  is  spent  in  studying  the  industries  of  the 
various  sections  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  principal  foreign 
countries,  in  their  relations  to  climatic  and  physiographic  condi- 
tions. The  localization  of  industries,  and  the  causes  for  such 
localization  is  worked  out  in  a  large  measure.  Also,  the  location 
and  growth  of  cities  and  the  causes  which  govern  their  location 
and  growth  are  taken  up.  Detailed  reports  on  many  topics  of 
economic  interest  are  made  by  the  individual  students  and  dis- 
cussed by  the  class.  Excursions  to  various  factories  and  other 
points  of  interest  in  Cleveland  and  vicinity  are  made  whenever 
deemed  profitable. 

Altogether  the  course  is  expected  to  give  the  student  an 
acquaintance  with  the  physical  environment  in  so  far  as  it  governs 
the  conditions  under  which  he  lives. 


ICAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  15 

PHYSIOLOGY  AND  BOTANY 

GIRLS 

The  course  in  science  for  the  girls  for  the  first  year  consists 
of  botany  and  physiology.  Nominally  they  are  separate,  but 
virtually  the  botany  and  physiology  are  closely  related  parts  of 
the  same  course — a  course  in  the  study  of  life.  Botany  precedes 
physiology  because  a  knowledge  of  the  study  of  the  processes 
of  life  may  be  more  easily  approached  through  a  study  of  plants. 
For  example,  after  the  study  of  cell-breathing  in  plants,  the  pupil 
easily  gets  the  idea  that  respiration  in  the  human  organism  is  not 
simply  inhalation  and  exhalation,  but  is  essentially  the  interchange 
of  gases  in  every  living  cell  in  the  body,  and  that  the  lungs  and 
circulatory  systems  are  necessary  to  breathing  only  because  the 
body  is  such  a  complicated  organism. 

The  knowledge  of  sex  is  taught  in  the  botany.  The  subject 
is  introduced  with  the  algae.  The  value  of  beginning  this  work 
with  botany  is  in  the  repetition  of  the  fundamental  facts  of 
reproduction  as  the  pupil  passes  from  the  algae  to  the  higher 
forms.  As  the  essential  facts  in  reproduction  are  repeated  in  the 
tracing  of  the  evolution  of  plants  the  scientific  terms  necessary 
for  personal  physiology  become  commonplaces.  The  school 
owns  a  papier  mache  figure  which  i^  dissectible.  The  function 
of  each  organ  of  thorax,  abdomen  and  pelvis  is  carefully 
explained.  After  the  study  of  physiology  and  anatomy  is  com- 
pleted, hygiene  is  given  careful  consideration.  A  purely  scientific 
atmosphere  is  kept  in  the  class  room. 

Emphasis  is  laid  on  the  vital  processes  of  digestion,  nutrition 
and  respiration  so  that  the  subject  of  reproduction  is  not  gi\ai 
an  exaggerated  prominence  in  the  course. 

The  field  work  in  botany  is  given  to  enable  the  pupils  to 
recognize  the  native  trees. 

MATHEMATICS 

BOYS  AND  GIRLS 

An  elementary  course  of  two  years  is  required  of  both  boys 
and  girls.  The  boys  articulate  their  course  with  the  work  in  the 
drafting  room  and  shop ;  the  girls,  with  the  work  in  household  art. 
The  teachers  in  the  mathematics  department  anticipate  the  work 


16  ACADEMIC  DEPARTMENTS 

on  the  technical  side,  by  a  week  or  two,  placing  emphasis  on  the 
principles  to  be  met  and  on  practical  problems  which  apply  those 
principles. 

Arithmetic,  algebra,  and  geometry  are  taught  in  combination. 
As  soon  as  the  pupil  is  able  to  generalize,  he  is  prepared  to  use 
general  symbols  to  represent  numbers,  and  to  employ  those  sym- 
bols in  the  solution  of  problems.  When  he  has  learned  a  truth  in 
geometry,  he  applies  that  truth  to  the  work  in  hand  by  the  use 
both  of  arithmetic  and  of  algebraic  symbols.  The  difficulties  in 
the  transition  from  arithmetic  to  algebra,  and  from  algebra  to 
geometry,  are  avoided  by  thus  treating  the  subjects  in  combination. 

Each  pupil  has  a  daily  exercise  during  the  first  two  years. 
When  he  has  completed  his  second  year  he  should  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  fundamentals  and  should  have  acquired  facility  in 
the  manipulation  of  numbers. 

In  the  third  year,  an  elective  course  in  the  more  formal  study 
of  plain  geometry  and  algebra  is  offered  to  prospective  college 
preparatory  students.  This  course  is  open  to  both  boys  and  girls. 

An  advanced  course  is  required  of  all  senior  boys,  election 
being  made  of  either  the  college  preparatory  course  or  the  course 
in  applied  mathematics. 

The  college  preparatory  students  devote  the  first  twenty-five 
weeks  of  the  senior  year  to  a  thorough  review  of  secondary  school 
algebra,  with  emphasis  on  theory.  The  rest  of  the  year  is  devoted 
to  demonstrative  and  applied  solid  and  spherical  geometry. 

An  elective  course  in  trigonometry  is  offered  to  advanced 
students. 

The  college  preparatory  course  meets  the  requirements  of  such 
institutions  as  Case,  Ohio  State,  Michigan,  and  Cornell.  For  the 
course  in  applied  mathematics  see  page  29. 

CHEMISTRY 

BOYS 

The  principles  of  general  chemistry  are  required  of  the  boys 
in  the  second  year.  This  course  is  elected  in  the  fourth  year 
by  the  girls  who  wish  to  enter  college.  The  course  is  presented 
strictly  along  utilitarian  lines ;  the  aim  being  not  to  make 
chemists  of  the  pupils,  but  to  give  them  a  clear  understanding 
of  general  chemistry  and  of  the  widespread  applications  of 
chemistry  in  industry.  The  pupil  spends  four  forty-five  minute 
periods  in  the  recitation-demonstration  room,  and  one  ninety 
minute  period  in  the  laboratory,  per  week. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  17 

The  laboratory  has  accommodations  for  twenty-seven  pupils 
working  at  individual  desks.  The  experiments  performed  by 
the  pupils  are  very  closely  correlated  with  the  recitations. 
Whenever  possible  the  experimental  slightly  precedes  the 
class-room  work.  The  individual  work  in  the  laboratory  is 
carefully  supervised  by  the  instructor,  so  that  the  pupils  learn 
to  observe  closely  and  accurately.  They  are  required  to  write 
down  their  observations  at  the  time  of  performing  the  experi- 
ment. 

The  industrial  applications,  the  properties,  and  the  methods 
of  preparation  for  the  common  elements  and  inorganic  com- 
pounds are  discussed  in  the  recitations.  Special  emphasis  is 
given  to  the  metallurgy  of  the  common  metals.  A  great  many 
experiments,  the  nature  of  which  prohibits  the  performance  by 
pupils,  are  demonstrated  by  the  instructor.  The  classes  visit 
a  number  of  manufacturing  plants  during  the  year.  These 
trips  give  to  the  pupils  the  best  tvne  of  illustration  of  practical 
chemical  operations.  The  recitations  are  further  supplemented 
along  industrial  lines  by  assigned  readings,  (with  mimeographed 
questions),  in  Duncan's  Chemistry  of  Commerce,  of  which 
twenty-five  copies  have  been  placed  in  the  library. 

After  completing  the  general  course,  the  student,  if  he  so 
desires,  may  specialize.  This  course  consists  of  two  years 
work  in  analytical  chemistry.  Eifteen  forty-five  minute  periods 
per  week  are  spent  in  the  laboratory  and  five  periods  in  the 
recitation  room  where  the  theory  of  the  work  is  discussed. 

Qualitative  analysis  is  studied  during  one  year,  the  work 
covering  detailed  analyses  of  about  thirty  of  the  more  common 
elements  both  in  the  wet  and  dry  way.  The  student  not  only 
becomes  familiar  with  the  chemical  changes  which  these  ele- 
ments and  their  compounds  undergo  when  brought  together 
with  other  elements  or  compounds  (reagents),  but  also  the 
physical  properties  of  the  elements  and  their  compounds. 
After  learning  the  analysis  for  the  metals,  tests  for  the  acids 
are  carried  out.  Following  this  some  time  is  spent  on  dry 
analysis,  after  which  a  series  of  simple,  and  later,  complex 
"unknowns"  are  analyzed. 

After  completing  the  qualitative  course  the  element  of 
measurement  is  introduced  and  the  work  becomes  quantitative. 
The  student  becomes  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  quanti- 
tative balance,  so  that  he  can  adiuct  it.  and  weigh  rapidly  and 


18  ACADEMIC  DEPARTMENTS 

accurately.  The  course  as  planned  involves  the  principles  of 
gravimetric  and  volumetric  analysis.  The  experiments  are 
graded,  involving  easy  methods  at  first  and  gradually  working 
up  to  those  that  are  more  difficult,  each  assignment  involving 
new  points  in  procedure.  The  intention  has  been  to  make  the 
exercises  practical.  Excepting  the  first  two,  each  consists  of 
the  analysis  of  some  natural  or  artificial  compound  coming  in 
the  daily  round  of  work  in  the  commercial  laboratory.  The 
same  time  is  given  to  the  quantitative  as  to  the  qualitative 
course. 

The  student  is  also  required  to  spend  some  time  in  the 
library  doing  reference  work.  A  number  of  the  best  texts 
and  reference  books  on  both  qualitative  and  quantitative 
analysis  have  been  placed  in  the  school  library. 

The  two  years  course  will  prepare  the  student  for  work 
in  the  various  chemical  laboratories  of  the  industrial  world. 
Thus  prepared  he  is  able  to  grasp  quickly  the  details  of 
analysis  in  any  line,  and  is  enabled  very  soon  to  become  a 
regular  analyst. 

DOMESTIC    CHEMISTRY 

GIRLS 

A  course  in  domestic  chemistry  is  required  of  all  girls  in 
the  second  year  science  work.  As  the  name  implies,  this  course 
teaches  chemistry  from  the  point  of  view  of  its  value  in  the 
home.  It  is  closely  correlated  with  the  course  in  cookery, 
work  in  the  same  foods  being  carried  on  in  both  departments 
at  the  same  time. 

A  thorough  study  of  the  five  food  principles  is  made,  start- 
ing with  water;  carbonhydrates,  fats,  proteins,  and  mineral 
matter  follow  in  order.  Then  the  source,  production,  manu- 
facture, adulteration,  preservation  and  digestion  of  all  foods 
are  considered,  and  experiments  with  them  are  performed. 
Food  accessories,  such  as  spices,  condiments,  beverages,  and 
flavoring  extracts,  all  receive  special  attention,  as  well  as  the 
metals  used  for  cooking  utensils  and  the  effect  produced  upon 
them  in  cooking  by  acids  and  alkalis. 

The  Pure  Food  Law  is  studied  at  length.  Trips  are  made 
to  various  factories  to  inspect  methods  of  manufacture  of  such 
foods  as  flour,  candies,  etc. 

The  aim  of  the  course  is  not  only  to  prepare  the  girl  for 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  19 

college,  but  to  give  her  such  information  as  will  be  of  practical 
use  in  home  life  in  years  to  come.  Some  study  is  also  made 
of  the  principles  of  general  chemistry. 

PHYSICS 

BOYS 

The  first  aim  of  the  boys'  course  in  physics  is  to  give  the 
pupil  a  knowledge  and  understanding  of  the  laws,  principles, 
and  facts  relating  to  the  natural  things  about  him ;  the  second 
is  to  develop  his  ability  to  apply  this  knowledge  to  his  every- 
day life.  Incidentally,  in  acquiring  these  facts  and  principles 
he  will  be  given  an  excellent  training  in  logical  things. 

The  course  includes  both  recitation  and  laboratory  work. 
The  recitations  take  one  period  a  day  for  four  days  a  week, 
while  two  periods  are  spent  the  fifth  day  in  laboratory.  In 
the  recitation  the  subject  matter  assigned  in  the  text,  and  any 
other  related  subject  the  student  or  instructor  may  suggest,  are 
demonstrated  by  the  aid  of  simple  apparatus ;  supplementary 
problems  are  solved. 

The  two  periods  spent  in  the  laboratory  are  used  in  dis- 
cussing the  method  of  performing  the  experiment  in  hand,  in 
doing  the  work,  and  in  taking  necessary  data.  The  experiment 
is  written  up  outside  the  laboratory  and  is  then  approved  by 
the  teacher. 

The  text  used  is  "Applied  Physics  for  Secondary  Schools," 
a  text  designed  to  supplement  as  much  as  possible  the  work  in 
physics  with  that  of  the  shops.  The  subject  matter  deals  with 
the  subjects  of  mechanics,  sound,  light,  heat  and  electricity. 

In  mechanics  especial  emphasis  is  laid  on  machines,  general 
dynamics,  mechanics  of  fluids,  and  strength  of  materials. 

The  treatment  of  electricity  is  quite  a  departure  from  the 
usual  high  school  method,  the  course  being  made  practical. 
Instead  of  spending  much  time  on  static  it  deals  almost  entirely 
with  current  electricity.  The  most  common  modern  electrical 
instruments  and  machines  are  used  and  explained.  Each  boy 
is  expected  to  get  a  working  knowledge  of  most  of  the 
modern  electrical  equipment  of  a  city. 


20  ACADEMIC  DEPARTMENTS 

PHYSICS 

GIRLS 

This  branch  of  science  is  a  required  subject  for  girls  in  the 
third  year.  The  course  is  designed  to  give  an  understanding 
of  the  laws  of  nature  as  applied  in  the  home.  The  classes  are 
segregated  and  the  study  based  upon  the  experience  of  the 
average  high  school  girl. 

The  first  half-year  opens  with  a  study  of  heat.  Efficiency 
and  cost  of  different  methods  of  heating  and  ventilating,  both 
for  homes  and  other  buildings,  are  explained.  The  heat  values 
of  coal  and  gas  are  found.  Cooking  temperatures  and  methods, 
and  the  heat  value,  or  nutritive  value,  of  many  different  kinds 
of  foods  are' studied. 

Much  of  the  cost  in  the  home  is  connected  with  food  and 
fuel ;  therefore  it  is  important  that  every  girl  learn  the  scientific 
principles  which  will  help  her  to  use  coal,  gas,  and  other  fuels 
to  the  best  advantage.  With  the  study  of  heat  are  taken  up 
the  subjects  of  refrigeration,  the  dew  point,  gas  meters,  and 
government  food  charts.  A  few  lessons  are  devoted  to  sound, 
studying  the  nature  of  sound,  how  it  travels,  and  the  physical 
basis  for  music. 

The  second  term  opens  with  the  study  of  electricity.  The 
girl  is  taught  how  electricity  is  generated  and  how  it  is  used 
in  the  many  electrical  appliances  found  in  the  modern  city 
home.  Each  student  is  expected  to  study  and  test  electric 
bells,  lamps,  irons,  toasters,  etc.  A  brief  study  of  mechanics 
is  made,  especially  the  mechanics  of  such  machines  as  are  used 
in  the  home.  Also  consideration  is  given  to  the  mechanics  of 
fluids,  including  the  home  water  supply. 

The  year's  work  closes  with  the  subject  of  light.  Special 
attention  is  given  to  the  nature  of  light,  color,  and  illumination. 
Each  week  throughout  the  year  four  single  periods  are  devoted 
to  recitation  and  one  double  period  to  laboratory  work. 
Abundant  use  is  made  of  simple  apparatus  to  demonstrate 
the  principles  discussed. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  21 

TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS 

1  he  general  purpose  of  the  shop  and  drawing  courses  is  to 
prepare  pupils  for  some  one  of  the  skilled  trades,  or  to  continue 
their  studies  in  higher  technical  institutions. 

Since  the  fundamental  principles  underlying  all  art  are 
identical,  during  the  first  two  and  a  half  years  a  definitely  pre- 
scribed outline  of  instruction  is  laid  down.  The  shop  work  of 
these  two  years  is  therefore  a  general  course  in  manual  training. 
The  use  and  care  of  the  various  tools  and  machines,  a  study  of 
materials  and  the  processes  of  their  distribution  and  prepara- 
tion and  the  facility  in  applying  the  fundamental  principles  of 
construction  are  the  chief  ends  sought.  Within  due  limits  en- 
couragement is  given  to  the  originality  of  the  pupil  in  making 
designs.  When  the  design  or  drawing  is  completed,  the  pupil 
is  held  to  accuracy  and  workmanship  in  its  executions. 

This  work  is  intended  to  be  educative  and  creative  as  well 
as  technically  constructive.  From  elements  and  principles 
taught  in  the  mechanical  drawing  and  shop  classes  each  pupil 
makes  his  own  designs,  which,  when  approved  by  the  instruc- 
tors, he  executes  from  working  drawings.  Within  due  limita- 
tions as  to  practicability  and  suitabi'ity  of  form  and  material, 
free  scope  is  given  to  his  inventive  talent  in  the  making  of  his 
design  ;  but  this  once  decided  upon,  he  is  held  to  strict  accuracy 
and  workmanship  in  its  execution. 

Throughout  the  prescribed  course  the  importance  and  neces- 
sity of  an  especially  close  correlation  between  the  shop  and  the 
drawing  department  is  emphasized.  Each  pupil  devotes  fifteen 
or  sixteen  periods  a  week  to  technical  work.  Four  to  six 
periods  are  spent  in  the  drafting  room  working  out  and 
perfecting  designs,  while  ten  periods  a  week  are  spent  in  the 
shop  putting  the  designs  into  concrete  form.  Ample  arrange- 
ments are  made  to  accommodate  numbers  as  well  as  to  offer 
a  variety  of  technical  subjects.  The  equipment  consists  of  five 
cabinet  shops,  two  pattern  shops,  a  foundry,  forge  shop,  two 
machine  shops,  sheet  metal  shop,  green  house,  electrical  shop, 
print  shop  and  six  mechanical  drawing  rooms.  Fach  depart- 
ment is  fitted  with  equipment  suitable  for  trade  instruction. 

During  the  first  two  years,  the  pupil  takes  a  prescribed 
course  in  various  departments,  and  is  thus  able  to  select  a 


22  TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS  FOR  BOYS 

vocation  for  which  he  seems  best  fitted  and  has  the  greatest 
liking.  Trade  work  begins  with  the  third  year.  Correlated 
instruction  is  discontinued  when  the  pupil  enters  a  trade  class. 
For  two  years  the  pupil  spends  twenty-five  periods  a  week  at 
his  chosen  work.  A  further  knowledge  of  commercial  processes 
and  methods  of  manufacture  is  gained  by  occasional  trips  to 
factories  and  shops  which  have  a  direct  relation  to  the  special 
trade  course.  Upon  completing  the  trade  work  pupils  are 
qualified  to  enter  the  trades  as  advanced  apprentices.  Experi- 
ence in  a  commercial  shop  is  usually  required  before  the  boy 
is  accepted  as  a  journeyman.  Boys  who  are  schooled  in  the 
trades  receive  fair  wages  at  the  start.  Careful  training  insures 
rapid  advancement  both  in  position  and  wages,  and  eventually 
places  the  trade  class  boy  far  beyond  the  shop  trained  man. 

Pupils  intending  to  continue  their  technical  studies  in  the 
colleges  take  advanced  drawing  and  machine  shop  work, 
devoting  fifteen  periods  a  week  to  technical  subjects.  Unlike 
the  trade  work  this  course  is  not  intended  to  develop  skill  in 
any  one  kind  of  work,  but  offers  a  broader  knowledge  of 
machine  construction  and  gives  a  better  foundation  for  those 
entering  the  engineering  professions. 

MECHANICAL    DRAWING 

The  course  in  mechanical  drawing  is  directly  related  to  the 
work  in  the  shops.  During  the  first  two  and  a  half  years  the 
pupil  makes  designs  and  drawings  of  work  which  he  is  to  con- 
struct in  the  shops.  Each  pupil  works  from  his  own  drawing, 
this  affording  him  an  opportunity  to  observe  and  correct  his 
deficiencies  as  a  draftsman. 

By  this  means  he  is  enabled  to  read  intelligently  the  draw- 
ings wrhich  he  is  to  use  later  in  his  shop  practice.  Training  is 
given  in  the  accurate  use  of  the  various  instruments  with  which 
the  pupil  should  become  familiar.  In  addition  to  carefully 
constructed  working  drawings,  free-hand  sketches  and  views 
are  made  for  the  purpose  of  giving  clear  mental  conceptions 
of  the  object  and  to  teach  the  appearance  and  relation  of  the 
different  views  to  each  other,  as  well  as  to  show  the  proper 
position  of  each  on  the  drawing  plate.  In  this  way  a  greater 
portion  of  the  first  year  is  spent  making  designs  and  drawings 
of  furniture  to  be  constructed  later  in  the  cabinet  shops. 

One  half  of  the  second  year  is  devoted  to  the  design  of 
machine  parts  for  the  pattern  shop  and  foundry.  The  remain- 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  23 

ing  half  year  is  given  to  the  design  of  cabinet  sets,  fire  sets, 
lamps,  umbrella  stands,  and  other  pieces  of  wrought  metal  to 
be  worked  out  in  the  forge  shop. 

The  first  half  of  the  third  year  is  combined  with  machine 
shop  practice,  although  not  so  closely  correlated  to  shop  work 
as  the  drawing  of  the  first  two  years.  During  this  term  atten- 
tion is  given  to  the  study  of  various  mechanical  motions  found 
in  machines,  such  as  crank  and  link  motions,  eccentric  and 
ratchet  movements,  and  the  use  of  cams  and  gears. 

With  the  close  of  the  first  term  in  the  third  year,  three 
courses  in  drawing  are  open  to  the  pupil.  First,  trade  machine 
drawing,  second,  trade  architectural  drawing,  and  third,  college 
preparatory  drawing. 

TRADE    DRAWING 

The  work  in  machine  drawing  consists  in  making  drawings 
of  apparatus,  equipment  and  machines.  This  requires  a  large 
number  of  details,  assembled  drawings,  tracings  and  blue  prints. 
All  of  these  are  of  a  constructural  nature ;  they  are  neither 
copies  of  other  drawings,  nor  drawings  of  objects  already  built. 
Thus  it  is  necessary  for  the  pupil  to  get  a  clear  conception  of 
the  object  he  is  to  draw,  to  understand  its  construction,  to 
become  familiar  with  its  details,  and  to  know  the  reason  why 
its  parts  should  have  the  forms  adopted. 

The  trade  work  in  machine  drawing  includes  practical 
designs  such  as  bench  hand  planer;  8-inch  wood-turning  lathe 
with  friction  drive  from  below ;  24-inch  band  saw ;  swinging 
cut-off  saw;  bench  grinder;  milling  attachment  for  8-inch 
speed  lathe ;  small  hand  punch  ;  hand  punch  and  shear ;  4-inch 
and  5-inch  vertical  gas  engine;  foundry  crane;  shop  truck; 
bench  vise :  stationary  cabinet  for  office ;  booth  for  moving 
picture  machine ;  and  various  models  and  instruction  sheets  for 
the  shops  and  other  drawing  rooms. 

Instruction  in  architectural  drawing  comprises  special 
problems  in  projections  and  developments ;  constructional 
details  of  buildings ;  the  orders  of  architecture ;  projection  of 
shadows ;  architectural  perspective ;  original  designs  of  three 
or  more  houses  or  buildings.  Floor  plans,  framing  plans,  eleva- 
tions, perspectives,  and  specifications  are  included  in  all 
designs. 

As  steel  forms  an  important  part  in  modern  building  con- 
struction, the  architectural  course  includes  a  sufficient  number 


24  TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS  FOR  BOYS 

of  structural  design  problems  to  familiarize  pupils  with  condi- 
tions met  with  in  everyday  practice.  In  connection  with  this 
course  in  the  drawing  room,  the  pupil  receives  instruction  in 
design  and  decoration  in  the  art  department. 

College  preparatory  work  in  mechanical  drawing,  includes 
the  study  of  mechanism,  such  as  crank  and  link  movements, 
eccentric  motions,  uniform  and  variable  motion  cams,  spur 
gears,  bevel  gears,  and  worm  gears.  One  semester  is  devoted 
to  perspective  sketching  of  machine  parts,  both  from  detail 
drawings  and  also  from  the  object. 

The  last  semester  of  the  senior  year  is  devoted  to  making 
special  drawings  for  use  in  the  school,  or  in  working  out 
problems  in  machine  construction. 

CABINET  MAKING 

Throughout  the  first  year  the  pupil  works  two  periods 
every  day  in  the  cabinet  shop.  In  this  department  the  first 
knowledge  of  tools,  their  proper  use  and  care  is  learned. 

The  rule,  square,  knife,  marking  gauge,  saws,  chisels,  etc., 
are  described  and  their  purposes  explained.  Lumber  terms 
and  measurements  are  taught,  together  with  the  growth,  struc- 
ture, moisture,  use  and  value  of  woods.  The  use  of  various 
devices  for  fastening  wood  together,  such  as  joints,  glue, 
screws,  nails,  etc.,  is  taken  up. 

The  finishing  of  wood  is  studied  with  regard  to  sand  paper- 
ing, staining,  filling  and  varnishing.  The  conduct  becoming 
a  workman  and  the  proper  care  of  shop  equipment  are  brought 
to  the  pupil's  attention.  As  a  means  of  bringing  the  essentials 
of  furniture-making  clearly  to  the  pupil's  mind  he  is  required 
to  build  a  certain  number  of  prescribed  pieces.  For  example, 
a  book  rack,  foot  stool,  tabouret,  umbrella  stand,  etc.,  are 
among  the  articles  designed  and  made  during  the  first  year. 

Before  a  piece  of  furniture  is  started  in  the  shop  the  pupil 
must  complete  a  working  drawing  of  the  piece  he  intends  to 
build.  In  this  manner  he  is  taught  to  read  drawings  and  blue 
prints  as  well  as  to  learn  the  vaUie  of  accurate  drawings. 

The  cabinet  course  is  arranged  to  include  a  limited  amount 
of  wood  turning  only,  sufficient  time  being  devoted  to  this 
branch  of  work  to  prepare  nuoils  for  the  lathe  work  commonly 
met  with  in  pattern-making. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  25 

TRADE  FURNITURE  MAKING 

The  course  in  trade  cabinet  making  includes  wood  carving, 
special  designing,  and  cabinet  furniture  drawing.  The  work 
is  elective  in  the  junior  and  senior  years  and  is  so  arranged 
that  five  or  more  periods  a  day  may  be  devoted  to  practical 
and  theoretical  instruction  in  cabinet  making.  In  these  classes 
the  boys  receive  a  more  complete  training  in  design,  construc- 
tion, and  finishing  than  would  be  gained  in  a  modern  furniture 
factory  where  the  work  is  divided  into  departments  with  little 
opportunity  to  learn  the  trade  completely.  By  cultivating 
ability  and  industrial  efficiency  this  department  fits  boys  to 
become  workmen  of  ability. 

The  work  is  also  of  great  value  to  boys  who  intend  to 
become  manual  training  teachers,  as  the  training  received 
enables  the  student  to  complete  the  usual  two  years  normal 
course  in  one  year.  Several  students  of  this  department  are 
now  teaching  in  the  public  schools  of  Cleveland  and  of  other 
cities. 

PATTERN  SHOP  AND  FOUNDRY  WORK 

Pattern-making  and  foundry  work  are  taken  up  at  the 
beginning  of  the  second  year  in  the  shops.  In  these  depart- 
ments the  student  receives  his  first  definite  knowledge  of 
machine  construction.  The  close  relationship  existing  between 
the  work  in  the  various  shops  is  brought  clearly  to  his  atten- 
tion. The  necessity  of  doing  dependable  work  is  thus  learned 
early  in  the  course,  as  well  as  the  need  of  cooperation  between 
departments.  The  work  of  the  pattern  shop  is  closely  related 
to  that  of  the  foundry  and  offers  a  good  example  of  correlated 
departments. 

The  pupil  in  the  elementary  work  of  this  department  brings 
his  own  blue  print  from  the  drafting  room  and  from  this  makes 
his  pattern  which  he  later  uses  in  the  foundry.  In  the  ele- 
mentary course  such  instruction  is  given  as  will  bring  to  the 
student's  attention  the  most  important  points  of  pattern-mak- 
ing and  foundry  practice.  For  example,  the  pupil  before 
making  his  first  pattern  is  taken  to  the  foundry  and  by  prac- 
tical demonstration  shown  the  significance  of  the  terms  shrink- 
age and  draft,  which  points  are  brought  out  in  the  first  pattern 


26  TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS  FOR  BOYS 

together  with  a  knowledge  of  the  methods  he  must  pursue, 
and  why.  The  relation  between  pattern-making  and  foundry 
practice  is  so  close  that  in  this  school  \ve  have  found  it  the 
most  efficient  plan  to  have  the  same  teacher  give  instruction  in 
both  subjects,  his  classes  reporting  to  him  on  alternate  days 
in  the  pattern  shop  and  foundry.  In  this  manner  patterns  are 
made  and  molded  which  embody  the  essential  principles  of 
pattern-making  and  foundry  practice. 

The  patterns  made  in  this  course  are  largely  taken  from 
various  parts  of  machines  built  in  the  school  shops.  These 
parts  are  arranged  or  graded  so  as  to  fit  in  with  the  pupils' 
knowledge  of  machinery  and  with  his  ability  as  a  workman  to 
properly  make  them. 

Throughout  the  course  each  pattern  is  preceded  by  an 
explanation  covering  the  importance  of  machine  finish,  green 
and  dry  sand  coring,  and  the  correct  methods  of  molding.  The 
pupil  learns  also  the  names  and  uses  of  the  too's  of  both 
pattern  shop  and  foundry,  and  makes  molds  and  castings  from 
his  own  patterns.  Finally  at  the  completion  of  his  course,  a 
foundation  has  been  laid  for  specializing  in  the  trade  of  pattern- 
making. 

TRADE  PATTERN-MAKING 

The  object  of  this  course  is  to  prepare  boys  for  the  pattern- 
making  trade.  Twenty-five  periods  per  week  are  given  to  trade 
instruction,  the  pupil  thereby  receiving  a  thorough  and  com- 
plete training  in  the  principles  of  pattern-making.  As  the  pat- 
tern-maker's work  results  directly  in  castings  for  the  machine 
shop  each  pupil  is  required  to  take  one  term  of  machine  shop 
practice  before  specializing  in  pattern-making.  The  knowledge 
of  machine  shop  methods  thus  gained  enables  the  pupil  to 
construct  his  patterns  with  a  good  understanding  of  their 
ultimate  purpose. 

A  careful  study  is  made  of  the  various  woods  suitable  for 
pattern-making.  The  ability  to  read  drawings  and  lay  out 
work  is  developed.  Through  continued  practice,  skill  is  acquired 
in  the  handling  of  tools.  The  use  of  patterns  and  core  boxes 
in  foundry  work  is  studied,  with  a  view  of  overcoming  the 
difficulties  of  molding.  The  principles  of  pattern-making  and 
foundry  work  are  thus  learned  and  applied. 

Starting  with  simple  patterns  the  pupil  progresses  to 
advanced  work  such  as  lathes,  <ras  engines,  planers,  grinders 
and  various  other  pieces  of  machine  construction. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  27 

This   work   continues   throughout   a   year   and   a  half,   each 
pupil  working  in  the  shop  one-half  of  his  time  in  school.    When 
the  pupil  has  completed  this  course  he  is  qualified  to  enter  the 
pattern-making  trade  as  an  advanced  apprentice. 
FORGE  SHOP  PRACTICE 

Forging  is  given  the  second  semester  of  the  second  year 
and  covers  the  rudiments  in  practical  forge  shop  practice,  such 
as  drawing,  forming,  bending,  upsetting  and  welding  iron. 
Lectures  with  demonstrations  at  proper  intervals  are  given 
upon  irons  and  steels  in  their  various  forms  and  uses.  The 
student  is  taught  the  various  kinds  of  welds  necessary  in  the 
working  of  iron  and  steel.  Each  pupil  forges  a  set  of  punches, 
cold  chisels  and  lathe  tools  properly  tempered  for  use  in  the 
machine  shops.  The  tempering  of  other  tools  is  also  taken  up. 
The  annealing  of  tool  steel  is  studied,  also  the  carbonizing  of 
machine  or  low  carbon  steels  by  the  Pock  process  and  the 
use  of  cyanide.  Combined  with  the  regular  course  in  forging 
are  lectures  upon  the  manufacture  of  high  and  low  carbon 
steel  by  the  Bessemer,  open  hearth,  and  crucible  processes, 
including  the  heat  treatment  of  carbon  steels.  The  course  is 
outlined  in  a  text  book  which  we  use  in  connection  with  shop 
work.  The  last  weeks  of  the  term  are  devoted  to  ornamental 
iron  work,  such  as  cabinet  trimmings,  hinges  and  drawer  pulls, 
lamps,  lanterns,  fire  tools  and  andirons,  all  of  which  are  designed 
under  the  direction  of  the  instructor  in  charge  of  forge  drawing. 
SHEET  METAL  WORK 

The  sheet  metal  shop  has  been  newly  equipped  with  suffici- 
ent machinery  and  hand  tools  for  a  class  of  twenty-five  pupils, 
enabling  them  to  do  a  great  variety  of  work. 

Boys  may  take  this  subject  instead  of  forging  during  one- 
half  of  the  second  year.  Ten  periods  each  week  are  devoted  to 
this  type  of  work.  A  course  in  drawing  is  correlated  with  the 
work  in  the  shop.  By  this  method  of  instruction  the  pupil  not 
only  becomes  familiar  with  principles  involved  in  laying  out 
developed  surfaces,  but  also  receives  actual  practice  in  building 
various  articles  from  his  lay-out  drawings. 

Materials  such  as  sheet  steel,  sheet  copper,  brass,  zinc  and 
other  sheet  metals  are  used  in  making  the  various  articles  built 
in  this  department.  Ventilators,  pipes,  dust  pans,  cookie  cut- 
ters flour  scoops,  cake  pans,  reflectors,  oil  cans,  garbage  cans, 


28     TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS  FOR  BOYS 

etc.,  are  included  in  the  articles  made  to  bring  out  the  uses  of 
the  sheet  metal  equipment.  The  latter  part  of  the  semester  is 
devoted  to  work  from  original  designs  made  in  the  drawing 
room.  Lamp  shades,  jardinieres,  lanterns,  etc.,  are  made  from 
the  pupil's  blue  print. 

At  the  end  of  the  term  the  pupil  has  a  definite  amount  of 
practice  in  the  use  of  sheet  metal  tools  and  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  scope  and  applications  of  the  sheet  metal 
industry. 

MACHINE  SHOP  PRACTICE 

One  semester  of  machine  shop  is  required  in  the  first  half 
of  the  third  year  of  all  boys  taking  shop  work.  Ten  periods 
per  week  are  devoted  to  this  work. 

The  work  of  this  semester  is  devoted  to  the  making  of 
simple  parts  for  lathes,  grinders,  vises,  gas  engines,  etc.  These 
parts  are  arranged  and  presented  to  the  class  in  such  a  way  as 
to  require  the  use  of  various  machines  as  well  as  increased 
skill  on  the  part  of  the  pupils  as  machine  operators. 

The  proper  development  of  machine  shop  methods  and 
practice  is  brought  out,  together  with  the  actual  practice  on 
machines.  In  this  connection  the  following  subjects  are  taken 
up: 

Care  of  machinery  and  tools ;  management  and  care  of  the 
tool  room ;  lathe  work ;  methods  of  turning  tapers ;  cutting 
screw  threads;  drilling,  boring  and  tapping;  running,  shrink 
and  drive  fits ;  generating  plain  and  angular  surfaces ;  slotting 
and  internal  keyseating  on  the  shaper;  drilling  to  layout;  jig 
drilling;  bench  and  vise;  laying  out,  shipping,  filing,  polishing. 

At  the  end  of  this  semester  the  pupil  may  continue  his 
machine  shop  practice  in  the  trade  classes,  he  may  specialize  in 
any  one  of  the  trades,  or  he  may  take  a  course  which  will 
prepare  him  for  an  engineerine  school. 

TRADE  MACHINE  SHOP 

The  time  devoted  to  trade  class  work  is  twenty-five  periods 
a  week  for  one  year  and  a  half.  The  course  is  arranged  so  as 
to  give  each  pupil  an  opportunity  to  familiarize  himself  with 
the  use  of  machine  tools  usually  found  in  a  good  shop,  advanc- 
ing from  the  simple  to  the  more  complex  uses  of  the  machine. 

Each  feature  of  the  course  is  preceded  by  a  lecture  covering 
the  theory  and  practice  of  the  work.  The  students  receive 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  29 

training  in  bench  work,  the  proper  methods  of  using  files,  tool 
room  system,  drilling,  milling,  turning  and  grinding,  use  of 
different  styles  of  cutters  on  machines,  the  proper  grinding  of 
tools,  spiral-milling,  index  work,  the  use  of  micrometer,  proper 
speeds  and  feeds  for  machines.  With  this  they  learn  the 
practical  application  of  machine  shop  mathematics  and  receive 
a  training  in  shop  system  and  efficiency. 

A  part  of  the  course  is  devoted  to  tool  making,  such  as 
mandrels,  taps,  reamers,  milling  machine  cutters ;  spur,  bevel, 
worm  and  spiral  gears  are  also  made.  Various  types  of 
machines  are  built,  such  as  wood  turning  lathes,  gas  engines, 
bench  grinders,  machinist  vises,  Jack  screws,  bench  planers, 
band  saws,  two  and  four-cycle  engines,  both  air  and  water 
cooled,  also  the  complete  construction,  assembling  and  testing 
of  various  types  of  machines. 

Library  reference  reading  and  machine  shop  magazine 
articles  are  included  in  the  theoretical  part  of  the  trade  machine 
shop  course. 

SHOP  MATHEMATICS 

This  course  is  required  of  boys  in  the  senior  class  who  have 
elected  to  specialize  in  some  branch  of  technical  work  rather 
than  to  prepare  for  a  college  course.  With  two  years  of  shop 
work,  two  years  of  high  school  mathematics  and  one  year  of 
physics  as  a  foundation,  these  pupils  are  prepared  to  take  up 
a  type  of  mathematics  applied  to  general  technical  problems. 
The  course  is  designed  to  cover  the  more  difficult  problems 
encountered  in  shop  mathematics,  and  some  of  the  elementary 
and  practical  portions  of  engineering  mathematics.  Only  such 
phases  of  the  purely  theoretical  mathematics  are  considered  as 
are  required  in  practical  work. 

Emphasis  is  placed  upon  the  qualities  essential  to  success 
in  the  technical  field.  Pupils  are  taught  to  analyze  their  prob- 
lems, jto  check  their  results,  and  to  apply  the  methods  of 
e1iminating  common  errors. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  COURSE 
First  Semester : 

1.  Logarithms:     A   treatment   of   the   theory   and   applica- 
tions, and   the  logarithmic   functions  of  angles.     In  all   subse- 
quent work  logarithms  are  used  when  practical. 

2.  Use  of  the  slide  rule. 


30     TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS  FOR  BOYS 

3.  Trigonometry :      The    solution    of    plane    triangles,    both 
right  angled  and  oblique. 

4.  Graphs :      Plotting    of    useful    statistics,    and    first    and 
second  degree  equations  leading  to  an  elementary  application 
of  analytical  geometry. 

5.  Advanced    shop    mathematics :      Screw    threads,    design 
of  bolts  and  nuts,  gears,  speeds  of  pulleys  and  belts. 

Second  Semester : 

1.  Areas,    volumes    and    weights    of    materials;    estimating. 

2.  Strength  of  materials :     Simple  and  compound  stresses, 
properties  of  materials.     Study  of  dilrerent  metals.     Design  of 
riveted  joints. 

3.  Graphic    statics :      Stresses    in    simple    roof    and    bridge 
trusses. 

4.  Center  of  gravity   and   moment  of   inertia   of   structural 
shapes. 

5.  Moments,  moment  and  shear  diagrams  of  beams.     Beam 
design. 

6.  Design  of  columns  and  shafting. 

7.  Field  trips  to  industrial  plants. 

ELECTRICAL   CONSTRUCTION 

Electrical  construction  is  distinctly  a  trade  course,  giving 
the  students  the  opportunity  of  putting  theories  into  practice 
before  they  enter  commercial  work.  The  work  of  this  course 
covers  three  semesters,  beginning  with  the  last  half  of  the 
Junior  year.  The  regular  course  calls  for  three  periods  each 
day  in  the  shop  and  one  in  recitation. 

The  first  semester  in  the  shop  gives  the  student  practical 
experience  in  electrical  wiring.  The  student  is  assigned  to 
work  in  a  room  with  removable  walls  and  ceiling,  made 
to  resemble  a  house.  The  wiring  circuits  are  placed  as  care- 
fully and  as  permanently  as  in  actual  construction.  Bell  cir- 
cuits, annunciator  and  fire  alarm  circuits  are  planned  and 
built  during  the  first  part  of  the  semester.  Electric  light  and 
power  circuits  are  built  during  the  second  part  of  the  semester. 
This  includes  open  and  concealed  work,  moulding,  conduit  and 
"fish  work."  Special  attention  is  paid  to  the  Underwriters' 
requirements,  the  National  code  being  taught  both  in  the  class 
room  and  in  the  shop.  The  third  part  of  this  semester's  work 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  31 

comprises  a  course  in  wiring  design  and  in  estimating.  The 
architectural  drafting  department  furnishes  complete  sets  of 
building  plans  for  use  in  this  work.  The  wiring  for  these 
buildings  is  designed,  specifications  for  all  supplies  and  elec- 
trical fixtures  are  written,  and  cost  estimates  are  made. 

The  second  semester's  work  is  largely  made  up  of  a  course 
in  testing  motors,  generators,  transformers,  and  other  electrical 
apparatus.  This  work  is  designed  to  cover  all  of  the  theory 
taken  up  during  the  first  and  second  semesters.  Students 
become  familiar  with  the  reading  of  electrical  instruments  and 
with  the  handling  of  electrical  apparatus. 

No  class  room  work  is  given  during  the  last  semester,  but 
further  opportunity  is  presented  for  applying  the  fundamental 
principles  already  learned.  Many  special  pieces  of  apparatus 
are  built  during  this  semester.  The  student  is  called  upon  not 
only  to  design,  but  to  build  these  pieces.  A  splendid  oppor- 
tunity is  thus  offered  to  develop  original  ideas  applicable  to 
electrical  machinery.  This  part  of  the  course  also  includes  the 
building  of  a  general  line  of  small  direct  current  motors,  induc- 
tion motors,  and  transformers.  Electrical  flat  irons  are  built 
for  use  in  the  millinery  and  dressmaking  departments;  electric 
stoves  for  use  in  the  domestic  science  department ;  and  electric 
soldering  irons  for  general  use  about  the  building.  Any  special 
piece  of  apparatus  may  be  built  for  the  student's  own  use  by 
paying  the  actual  cost  of  the  material  used. 

PRINTING 

A  course  in  practical  printing  is  offered  as  a  third  and 
fourth  year  elective.  The  print  shop  is  equipped  with  modern 
machinery  suitable  for  carrying  out  the  various  kinds  of  work 
that  come  to  the  modern  print  shop. 

The  instruction  includes  plain,  book,  job  and  rule  composi- 
tion, stone  and  press  work,  cover  and  title  page  design,  correct 
margins,  type  harmony,  harmonious  color  treatment,  the  proper 
use  of  the  several  kinds  of  letters,  besides  letter  construction, 
history  of  the  formation  of  the  different  styles  of  alphabets, 
ancient  and  modern,  and  the  working  out,  with  the  use  of  pen 
and  brush,  many  of  the  elements  that  enter  into  the  combined 
uses  of  hand  lettering  and  foundry  type. 

The    instruction    given    emphasizes    paragraphing,    spelling, 


32  TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS  FOR  BOYS 

division  and  definition  of  words,  capitalization  and  punctuation 
in  a  manner  that  is  helpful  to  the  student. 

Practically  all  school  blanks  such  as  reports,  invitations,  and 
programs,  the  course  of  study,  the  school  catalogue,  the  monthly 
magazine  of  the  school,  and  many  valuable  aids  to  instructors 
and  students  are  printed  in  the  school  printshop. 

The  printing  department  affords  abundant  opportunity  for 
practical  application  in  securing  a  knowledge  of  the  various 
branches  of  the  printer's  art. 

AGRICULTURE 

BOYS   AND   GIRLS 

The  purpose  of  this  course  is  to  give  the  pupils  a  practical 
as  well  as  a  theoretical  knowledge  of  the  most  important 
phases  of  agriculture. 

The  course  is  elective  in  the  Junior  year  and  covers  two 
years,  four  periods  a  day.  One  period  each  day  is  devoted  to 
recitation,  while  the  other  three  periods  are  spent  in  the 
laboratory,  greenhouse,  garden  or  in  field  trips.  Daily  lessons 
are  assigned  from  the  text,  or  from  Agricultural  Experiment 
Bulletins. 

Agricultural  botany  occupies  an  important  place  in  the 
course.  Each  student  is  required  to  take  the  botany,  which 
includes  three  recitation  periods  and  four  laboratory  periods 
each  week. 

A  knowledge  of  the  commercial  application  of  agriculture 
is  obtained  through  field  trips  and  inspection  trips  to  green- 
houses, commission  house,  markets,  gardens,  nurseries,  dairy 
farms,  fruit  farms  and  the  Ohio  Experiment  Station. 

The  school  equipment  consists  of  a  modern  greenhouse  anxl 
laboratory  in  connection  with  thirty-six  hot  beds  and  cold 
frames  placed  in  a  first  class  school  garden.  Each  student  is 
enabled  to  carry  on  practical  agricultural  experiments,  such  as 
is  required  in  the  study  of  plant  physiology,  cultivation  of 
plants,  propagation  of  hard  an-d  soft  wood  cuttings,  soil 
improvements,  analysis  of  soils,  preparation  and  application  of 
insecticides  and  fungicides,  testing  of  seeds,  fertilizers,  and 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  33 

dairy  products,  judging  and  marketing  of  fruits  and  vegetables, 
budding  and  grafting,  and  the  management  of  various  farm 
enterprises. 

Pupils  get  considerable  practical  experience  in  planting, 
pruning,  and  spraying  of  all  kinds  of  trees,  shrubs,  bushes  and 
vines.  Opportunity  is  offered  through  private  estates  and  the 
city  parks  to  carry  out  class  instruction  on  a  larger  scale  than 
is  possible  with  the  school  equipment. 

FOODS  AND  HOUSEHOLD  MANAGEMENT  COURSE 

The  purpose  of  the  work  of  this  department  is: 

(1)  To  train  the  girl   to  appreciate  the  responsibility  and 
function  of  the  homemaker. 

(2)  To  teach  the  application  of  the  scientific  principles  that 
are  related  to  household  administration  and  to  the  conservation 
of  the  health  of  the  family  and  of  the  community. 

(3)  To  teach  institutional  cooking  as  a  trade  subject  that 
the  pupils  may  prepare  for  catering  as  a  vocation. 

The  subjects  offered  in  the  course  and  the  methods  of  pre- 
sentation are  as  follows : 

FIRST  YEAR 

Subject :  Selection,  Preparation  and  Physiological  Uses  of 
Foods. 

Method:     Laboratory  work  in  food  study. 

Since  physiology  is  required  for  the  first  year,  the  physio- 
logical uses  of  foods  are  emphasized  in  freshman  food  study. 

To  do  the  maximum  of  actual  cooking,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  develop  the  powers  of  observation  and  reasoning,  directions 
for  cooking  foods  are  arranged  somewhat  as  the  instructions 
for  the  laboratory  work  of  the  usual  scientific  subject.  To 
directions  for  preparing  foods  are  added  questions,  answers 
to  which  (recorded  in  a  note  book)  require  careful  observation 
as  to,  cause  and  effect  of  the  given  method,  differences  in 
results  obtained  by  substituting  one  food  material  for  another, 
comparison  of  different  methods  of  cooking,  economy  of 
material  and  time,  proportion  of  ingredients  in  receipes,  cost 
of  ingredients. 

Included  in  this  part  of  the  course  are  food  experiments 
from  which  a  direct,  definite  application  can  be  drawn  concern- 


34  TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS  FOR  GIRLS 

ing  the  selection,  preparation  and  digestion  of  foods.  Record- 
ing in  a  note  book,  the  purpose,  method,  result,  and  application 
of  each  food  experiment  is  required.  The  accuracy  thus 
attained  in  observing  and  recording  results  lays  the  foundation 
for  the  laboratory  method  of  study. 

The  "meal  method"  of  teaching,  somewhat  modified,  is 
used  at  least  once  a  month.  A  group  of  food,  the  combination 
of  which  would  be  suitable  for  a  simple  meal  or  part  of  a  meal 
is  prepared.  Each  pupil  prepares  the  entire  quantity.  Only 
such  foods  are  selected  as  have  been  prepared  previously,  so 
that  this  method  affords  a  means  of  reviewing.  It  also  serves 
as  a  means  of  training  pupils  to  gain  speed  and  skill  in  the 
preparation  of  several  foods  at  one  time. 

SECOND  YEAR 

Subject:     Composition,  Combination,  and  Serving  of  Foods. 

Method :  Laboratory  work  in  food  study  ;  planning,  cook- 
ing and  serving  of  meals ;  calculation  of  the  cost  of  meals. 

Food  study  and  domestic  chemistry  are  parallel  subjects 
in  the  second  year.  The  laboratory  attitude  developed  by  the 
first  year's  work  and  the  principles  of  elementary  chemistry 
serve  as  a  basis  to  treat  food  preparation  as  applied  science. 

Planning,  cooking,  and  serving  of  meals  are  included  in  this 
part  of  the  course.  In  menu-making  these  factors  are  especially 
emphasized : — the  needs  of  the  body,  the  composition  and  com- 
bination of  foods  to  supply  these  needs,  and  the  cost  of  foods. 
The  latter  is  given  much  attention  ;  the  cost  of  foods  in  rela- 
tion to  nutritive  value,  waste  and  season  is  considered.  The 
price  of  each  meal  that  is  served  is  computed.  Menus  are 
planned  with  a  definite  cost  limit. 

In  the  study  of  table  service,  much  practice  is  given  in 
serving  without  a  maid.  The  work  aims  to  develop  an  appre- 
ciation of  graceful  table  service  suitable  to  the  modest  home. 
Dining  room  courtesy  is  also  emphasized  in  this  course. 

THIRD  YEAR 

Subject :  Applied  Bacteriology,  Food  Preservation,  Home 
Nursing,  Invalid  Cooking  and  Laundering. 

Method :  Laboratory  work  in  food  preservation,  food  prep- 
aration, laundering,  home  nursing  and  applied  bacteriology : 
recitations. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  35 

A  study  of  yeasts,  molds,  and  bacteria  in  relation  to  the 
household  is  pursued.  The  principles  learned  are  applied  to 
food  preservation,  to  the  conservation  of  the  health  of  the 
family  and  community  and  to  household  sanitation.  Through- 
out the  course,  the  relation  of  the  growth  of  molds  and  bacteria 
to  the  decay  of  food  and  to  the  necessity  for  cleanliness  is 
emphasized. 

No  attempt  is  made  in  the  home  nursing  course  to  train 
the  pupils  for  professional  nursing;  such  instruction  as  will 
enable  them  to  care  for  the  sick  in  the  home  is  offered.  This 
includes  the  changing  of  bed  linen  ;  the  method  of  bathing  a 
patient ;  the  administering  of  medicines ;  the  ventilating,  heat- 
ing and  furnishing  a  sick  room ;  the  treatment  of  burns,  cuts 
and  poisonings,  and  the  bandaging  of  wounds.  Some  of  the 
time  is  devoted  to  the  selection  of  foods  for  the  sick  and 
convalescent  and  to  the  preparation  of  the  sick  room  trays. 
The  course  includes  a  study  of  pathogenic  conditions  which 
are  dependent  upon  dietetic  treatment.  Special  stress  is  laid 
on  children's  diseases  and  the  care  and  feeding  of  infants. 

Laundering  furnishes  opportunity  for  the  practical  applica- 
tion of  the  scientific  principles  learned  in  domestic  chemistry 
as  to  soap-making,  removal  of  stains,  and  the  use  of  bluing 
and  washing  reagents.  Methods  of  washing  and  ironing  all 
garments  and  fabrics  usually  found  in  the  family  laundry,  are 
practised. 

FOURTH  YEAR 

Subject :  Household  Management,  Food  Studv.  Planning 
Cooking  and  Serving  Meals,  Dietary  Study. 

Method :  Laboratory  work  in  the  school  kitchen,  aining 
room  and  furnished  apartment ;  visits  to  the  market ;  recitations. 

The  location  of  a  house,  practical  requirements  of  home- 
planning  and  home-building;  materials  for  building;  cost  and 
efficiency  of  heating;  lighting  and  ventilating  methods  and 
systems ;  water  supply ;  removal  of  waste ;  care  and  cleaning  of 
all  materials  and  furnishings  found  in  a  home.  These  are 
included  in  the  course  in  household  management.  Household 
management  also  considers  the  division  and  expenditure  of  the 
income ;  the  organizing,  dividing  and  systematizing  of  the 
work  of  the  household  and  various  other  economic  problems 
of  the  home.  A  furnished  apartment  provides  the  means  of 
"practising"  housekeeping. 


36  TECHNICAL  DEPARTMENTS  FOR  GIRLS 

The  food  study  of  the  fourth  year  follows  the  plan  of  that 
work  given  in  the  first  and  second  year;  special  emphasis, 
however,  is  placed  on  experimental  cooking.  During  the 
latter  part  of  the  year,  the  class  is  divided  into  groups  con- 
sisting of  two  or  three  pupils.  Each  group  plans,  cooks,  and 
serves  meals  and  calculates  the  cost  and  calorific  value  of  the 
meals. 

Measurement  of  the  fuel  value  of  foods  with  special 
emphasis  on  the  one-hundred  calorie  portion  is  a  part  of  this 
work.  Energy  requirement  as  affected  by  the  weight,  occupa- 
tion, age.  and  sex  of  an  individual  is  considered.  The  amount 
of  each  foodstuff  that  is  needed  daily  is  also  treated.  Special 
effort  is  made  to  make  this  work  comprehensible  and  of  prac- 
tical value  to  the  pupils. 

VOCATIONAL  COOKING 

The  aim  of  this  work  is:  (1)  to  gain  skill  in  cooking,  (2)  to 
aquire  knowledge  in  the  purchasing  of  food,  (3)  to  gain  experi- 
ence in  business  management. 

Vocational  cooking  is  open  to  all  juniors  and  seniors  who 
wish  to  select  cooking  as  their  trade.  In  order  to  elect  this 
course  the  girls  must  have  completed  at  least  two  years  of  cooking 
in  the  course  in  foods  and  household  management.  The  pupils 
work  every  day  for  five  consecutive  periods.  They  put  into 
practice  ali  they  have  learned  in  their  previous  study.  They 
cook  in  large  amounts,  and  so  become  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
the  problem  of  handling  large  quantities  of  food  in  large 
utensils. 

The  first  problem  in  this  work  is  that  of  marketing.  The 
girls  are  given  cash  to  pay  for  materials  selected  at  the  large 
markets.  The  fruits,  vegetables  and  other  food  materials  are 
carried  back  to  school  and  the  purchase  accounted  for  and 
registered  in  the  account  book.  After  obtaining  the  finished 
product,  the  pupils  work  out  the  cost  of  materials  used,  add  a 
legitimate  profit  and  thus  determine  the  selling  price.  The 
product  is  then  ready  for  sale,  each  girl  in  turn  acting  as  cashier. 
A  public  sale  is  held  once  in  two  weeks.  The  articles  include 
canned  fruits,  marmalades,  jellies,  small  cakes,  loaf  cakes,  bread, 
pastry,  salad,  cooked  meats  and  candies. 

The  food  materials  are  paid  for  from  the  funds  received  at 
the  sales.  Each  pupil  receives  a  portion  of  t^e  profit.  The  latter 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  37 

has  been  sufficient  to  pay  each  girl  from  twelve  to  fifteen 
dollars  in  a  semester.  The  fact  that  the  work  of  the  pupil  has 
a  commercial  value  and  that  there  must  be  mental  alertness  to 
produce  goods  of  unvarying  high  standard  make  this  course  of 
educational  value. 

Many  calls  come  to  the  employment  department  of  this 
school  for  girls  to  serve  as  caterers  for  dinner  parties  and  ban- 
quets. This  work  is  given  to  the  class  in  vocational  cooking. 
This  class  also  takes  charge  of  the  catering  for  the  social  affairs 
of  the  home  room  organizations  of  the  school  (see  Vocational 
Guidance  and  Employment  Department,  page  44.  Another  phase 
of  the  work  in  vocational  cooking  is  the  cooking  and  serv- 
ing of  soups  and  beverages  to  the  blind  pupils  of  one  of  the 
elementary  schools  and  the  serving  of  luncheons  to  the  faculty 
of  this  school. 

DOMESTIC  ART 

The  aim  of  the  course  of  study  in  domestic  art  is : 
(  1  )      Training  for  efficiency  in  the  selection  of  materials,  and 
in  the  use  of  these  materials  in  the  construction  of  articles  relat- 
ing to  the  home  and  family  sewing. 

(2)  Laying   the    foundation    for   courses    in    domestic    art    in 
colleges  and  normal  schools. 

(3)  Preparation   for  work  in  the  line  of  professional  dress- 
making and  millinery. 

CORRELATED  SUBJECTS 

Costume  Design : — The  general  course  covering  four  years 
is  closely  related  to  the  course  in  costume  design,  each  girl  mak- 
ing the  designs  for  her  individual  garments. 

Textiles : — Each  problem  is  preceded  by  the  discussion  of 
materials  as  to  weave,  width,  cost,  durability,  dyeing  and  shrink- 
ing qualities,  and  adaptation  to  the  particular  use.  All  along  the 
line  of  work,  emphasis  is  placed  upon  the  necessity  of  keeping 
the  cost  within  a  certain  allowance  of  the  income. 
RELATED  SUBJECTS 

Industrial  History,  Chemistry,  Physics,  Physiology  and  Hygi- 
ene, English,  Mathematics  and  Food  and  Household  Management. 

GENERAL  COURSE 

First  Year :  During  the  first  year,  only  plain  sewing  is 
taught,  the  making  of  bloomers,  cooking  outfit,  undergarments, 
and  a  simple  dress  costing  not  more  than  one  dollar. 


38  TECHNICAL  DKl'ARTM  KXTS  FOR  GIRLS 

Second  Year:  In  the  second  year  dresses  are  made  from 
hner  cotton  fabrics  such  as  dimity,  organdie  voile,  batiste,  figured 
lawns,  etc.,  and  from  woolen  materials  such  as  serge,  wool- 
batiste,  panama  cloth,  chain's,  diagonal  cloth,  etc.  In  this  year 
are  given  also  the  kimono  and  embroidered  night  dress. 

Third  Year:  In  the  third  year  the  girls  become  familiar 
with  various  materials  and  processes  used  in  the  millinery  work. 
(  See  Millinery). 

Fourth  Year:  In  the  fourth  year  attention  is  given  to  more 
careful  handwork  and  to  a  nicer  adjustment  of  fabrics  in  the 
making  of  gowns  and  underwear  suitable  for  graduation  and 
other  special  occasions. 

TRADE   SEWING 

A  special  course  is  offered  to  those  students  who  have  com- 
pleted the  first  and  second  years  of  the  general  course,  and  who 
are  looking  forward  to  the  time  when  they  may  become  home 
dressmakers  or  workers  in  an  establishment. 

The  aim  of  this  course  is  to  make  the  girls  familiar  with  the 
trade  conditions  of  the  shop,  to  fit  them  to  work  under  the 
direction  of  a  forewoman,  to  meet  customers  and  take  orders ;  and 
to  give  them  experience  in  handling  a  great  variety  of  cotton, 
silk,  and  woolen  materials  while  planning,  cutting,  fitting,  and 
making  various  kinds  of  simple  gowns  and  suits. 

Frequent  requests  for  workers,  in  the  various  lines  of  sewing 
make  it  possible  for  girls  of  ability  to  be  placed  in  positions 
where  their  experience  helps  them  to  continue  their  preparation 
for  larger  fields  of  work  which  are  always  open  to  the  efficient 
workers. 

MILLINERY 

A  course  in  fall  and  spring  millinery  is  offered  to  the  girls 
who  are  taking  a  course  in  sewing.  If  the  girl  has  learned  some 
of  the  fundamental  principle  of  sewing  in  the  freshman  and 
sopohomore  years  of  school,  the  muscles  of  the  hands  have  been 
trained  to  work  with  the  mind.  By  this  development  of  mind  and 
hand  very  little  difficulty  is  experienced  by  the  pupil  in  learning 
to  handle  the  new  materials  and  tools  which  are  used  in  hat 
making. 

Millinery  affords  the  girls  a  broad  expression  of  individuality 
and  aims  to  create  an  appreciation  of  artistic  color-combinations. 
It  also  aims  to  develop  an  appreciation  of  headgear  suitable  to 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  39 

the  wearer  and  appropriate  for  the  occasion  upon  which  it  will 
be  worn.  In  this  course  the  girls  build  hats  for  the  practical  use 
of  the  family.  The  work  consists  of  trimming  hats,  making 
foundations,  facings,  flanges,  bindings  and  bows.  The  renovation 
of  old  materials,  used  in  millinery,  is  made  possible  and  trips  are 
taken  to  the  wholesale  and  retail  millinery  houses. 

The  subject  is  most  closely  connected  with  the  courses  in 
dressmaking,  applied  art  and  arithmetic. 

The  trade  side  of  millinery  is  taught  in  the  trade  class  and 
prepares  the  girl  to  meet  trade  demands  in  the  commercial  world 
of  millinery.  In  this  class  the  girls  learn  many  phases  of  the 
business  life;  psychology  of  salesmanship  is  introduced;  methods 
of  forewomen  and  saleswomen  are  taught. 

In  this  class  orders  are  filled  for  patrons  of  the  school.  A 
standard  price  is  made  on  all  parts  of  hats,  and  the  receipts  go 
to  the  worker.  This  policy  stimulates  the  desire  to  do  satis- 
factory work,  and  thereby  increases  the  number  of  patrons. 

Attention  is  given  to  economy,  simplicity,  suitability,  and 
the  cultivation  of  artistic  taste  in  all  lines  of  work. 

THE  ART  DEPARTMENT 

The  purpose  of  the  structural  approach  to  the  space  arts 
is  three  fold:  (a)  to  acquire  intellectual  development;  (b) 
to  foster  the  power  of  observation  and  appreciation  ;  and  (c) 
to  develop  practical  skill  through  adaptation  and  invention. 

APPLIED  ART 

BOYS    AND    GIRLS 

1.  Sources  of  design  motives;  color. 

2.  Organized  motives  into  pattern. 

3.  Construction  and  decoration  of  objects. 
Composition    materials    and    design    motives    are    obtained 

chiefly  from  nature,  though  to  some  extent  geometrical  forms 
and  abstract  shapes  are  used  individually  and  often  in  combi- 
nation. 

Through  the  mediums  of  pencil,  crayon,  charcoal,  and 
water  color,  nature  forms  and  colors  are  carefully  observed, 
studied  and  represented  in  the  direct  sketches  of  branches. 


40 

leaves,  flowers,  fruits,  vegetables,  seeds  and  seed  pods,  insects 
and  animal  life,  with  growth  tendencies  and  natural  distinc- 
tions, noted.  Shapes,  markings  and  colorings  of  the  minerals 
are  emphasized  in  order  that  the  pupil  may  appreciate  in  some 
degree  nature's  position  with  respect  to  design. 

From  the  sketch  materials  of  shapes  and  color  harmonies, 
proportion  and  nature  rhythms,  abstract  forms  and  historic 
ornament,  pupils  derive  decorative  units  and  construct  into 
borders,  squares,  circles  and  surface  patterns. 

Formal  study  of  perspective  is  given,  and  a  careful  dis- 
crimination of  values  is  observed  when  rendering  in  charcoal 
roof  studies,  buildings  and  street  scenes  in  window  sketching, 
and  the  use  of  landscape  in  composition.  A  more  critical  study 
of  a  more  direct  application  of  the  principles  of  perspective  is 
made  in  house  planning,  furniture  sketching  and  interior 
decoration. 

Selecting,  creating  and  conventionalizing  pattern  to  a 
specific  space  and  material  is  adaptation  which  is  the  basis  of 
the  applied  art  work.  Through  the  power  and  culture  gained 
by  the  study  and  execution  of  design,  personal  expression  may 
be  used  directly  in  the  construction  and  decoration  of  articles  in 
pottery,  metal,  leather,  cabinet  making,  block  printing  and 
stenciling;  embroidery  and  weaving;  garment  and  drapery 
decorations ;  book  and  poster  illustrations ;  making  the  home 
more  attractive  by  use  of  color  harmony  and  space  relations, 
arrangement  and  adaptation  in  decoration  and  furnishings. 
The  applied  art  work  is  correlated  in  a  definite  and  practical 
way  with  architectural  design  and  cabinet  making ;  domestic 
nrt  and  science;  mechanical  arts  and  crafts;  and  with  daily  life. 
COSTUME  DESIGN 

GIRLS 

The  course  in  costume  design  is  closely  related  to  the 
course  in  sewing,  each  article  being  designed  in  the  drawing 
class.  Right  selection  and  proper  arrangement  are  emphasized 
throughout  the  course.  Different  materials  are  carefully 
studied;  the  figure,  the  eyes,  hair  and  complexion  are  considered 
and  experiments  are  made  to  the  end  that  the  dress  may  be 
good  in  line,  proportion  and  harmony.  Trips  to  the  shops  are 
taken  and  each  girl  is  encouraged  to  adapt  the  new  styles  to  her 
own  individuality. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  41 

The  course  in  millinery  design  emphasizes  the  same  prin- 
ciples. Trips  to  millinery  houses  are  followed  by  illustrated 
reports.  Silhouettes  of  head  and  shoulders  are  drawn  to  aid 
in  finding  good  size,  shape  and  lines.  Through  drawing  in 
pencil,  brush  and  charcoal,  a  knowledge  of  line,  form  and 
technique  is  given  in  order  that  designs  for  various  kinds  of 
hats  may  be  executed.  Color  harmony  is  developed  through 
hue  and  tone  scales  with  nature  forms  and  colored  prints  used 
for  interesting  color  combinations. 

In  addition  to  work  directly  related  to  the  domestic  art 
department,  object  and  pose  drawing  is  studied  to  train 
pupils  in  principles  of  perspective,  good  line,  composition  and 
values.  Nature  drawings  are  used  in  developing  motives  for 
design,  and  simple  household  articles  are  decorated  with  stencil 
and  wood  block  patterns  and  needlework  stitches. 

The  Senior  girls  make  a  study  of  interior  decoration  also. 
Woodwork,  color  of  walls,  furniture,  etc.,  are  discussed,  and 
the  principles  of  fitness  to  purpose,  simplicity  and  harmony 
are  emphasized.  The  school  has  a  model  apartment  which  is 
used  as  a  basis  for  this  work,  the  furniture  being  made  by  the 
boys,  and  details  of  decoration  planned  by  the  girls.  Some 
of  the  articles  used  are  woven  on  a  hand  loom  made  by  the 
boys.  Through  weaving,  a  knowledge  of  textiles  and  an  appre- 
ciation of  good  design  are  gained. 

ARTS  AND  CRAFTS 

BOYS    AND    GIRLS 

During  the  first  and  second  years  pupils  attending  the  school 
have  some  opportunity  to  find  their  natural  talents.  The  arts 
and  crafts  department  gives  an  outlet  to  pupils  who  possess 
artistic  ability  and  constructive  tastes.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  third  and  throughout  the  fourth  year,  pupils  so  disposed 
may  elect  twenty-five  periods  of  work  of  this  nature  per  week. 
The  shop  is  well  equipped  for  art  metal  work,  leather  work 
and  pottery.  This  course  seeks  to  make  a  distinctive  and 
practical  application  of  the  principles  of  design  in  proportion, 
hue  and  color,  to  useful  objects.  Designs  are  prepared  in  the 
art  department  and  worked  out  in  the  art  and  craft  room. 
Each  of  the  materials  is  given  comprehensive  study.  The 
student  learns  the  characteristics,  possibilities  and  uses  of  each 
medium  when  used  in  combination  with  other  materials. 


42  PHYSICAL  EDUCATION 

The  clay  work  includes  the  making  of  tiles  in  the  flat 
work  as  well  as  pottery  of  various  constructions,  such  as  vases, 
bowls,  lamps,  fern  dishes,  window  boxes.  The  student 
learns  the  art  of  coil  building,  making  and  casting  in  molds, 
and  throwing  on  the  potter's  wheel.  Much  thought  is  given 
to  the  shape  and  decoration  of  objects,  both  by  application  of 
incised  or  relief  decoration,  to  handles  and  simple  modeling.  A 
thorough  study  is  made  of  the  theorv  and  technique  of  mixing, 
the  application  of  glazes  as  well  as  the  biscuit  and  finished 
tiring. 

The  work  in  metal  is  most  important.  Copper,  brass  and 
silver  are  chiefly  used.  The  use  of  acid  in  etching,  saw 
piercing,  riveting  and  soldering  is  taught  in  the  making  of 
cabinet  trimmings,  desk  sets,  fobs,  pins,  buckles,  lamps,  bowls, 
trays  and  other  articles.  The  work  in  silver  consists  in  the 
making  of  simple  jewelry.  It  includes  such  processes  as  solder- 
ing, engraving,  coloring,  and  the  setting  of  stones  in  the  making 
of  pins,  rings,  brooches,  chains,  etc. 

The  course  is  a  correlation  of  the  shop  and  the  art  depart- 
ments. It  trains  in  the  use  of  the  hand  and  the  eve  and  makes 
for  a  better  appreciation  of  all  that  is  useful  and  beautiful  and 
is  not  without  its  utilitarian  value  in  industry. 

PHYSICAL  EDUCATION 

BOYS 

The  physical  education  program  consists  of  all  the  phases  of 
the  German  system  with  emphasis  on  such  types  of  exercises 
as  will  insure  good  carriage  of  the  body,  stimulate  the  activity  of 
the  heart,  lungs  and  skin,  impart  dexterity,  muscular  strength, 
control  and  vigor,  besides  promoting  cheerfulness  of  mind  and 
good  fellowship. 

The  gymnasium  is  the  largest  and  best  equipped  in  the  city. 
The  locker  rooms  are  fitted  with  steel  lockers  and  shower  bath> 
with  hot  and  cold  water. 

Physical  training  is  compulsory  for  the  first  two  years  and 
excuses  demanding  exemption  are  received  only  from  the  family 
physician.  At  present  there  are  1,100  boys  enrolled.  On  entering 
every  boy  is  examined  and  wherever  physical  abnormalities  are 
discovered,  carefully  chosen  exercises  are  prescribed  to  relieve 
and  possibly  eliminate  such  conditions. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  43 

Besides  the  regular  work  in  physical  training,  a  number  of 
other  physical  activities  are  taken  up  by  special  groups  of  pupils, 
such  as  tennis,  golf,  swimming,  football,  baseball,  track  athletics 
and  basketball.  Inter-class  track  meets  are  held  and  much  atten- 
tion is  given  to  plays  and  games.  During  the  baseball  and  basket- 
ball seasons,  teams  are  organized  and  home  room  leagues  are 
formed,  mainly,  for  the  encouragement  and  promotion  of  athletic 
sports  of  interest  to  the  great  masses  of  young  men. 

The  pupils  are  constantly  urged  to  assist  and  advise  one 
another  both  at  the  games  and  during  the  exercises  on  the 
apparatus.  Nothing  will  develop  and  promote  good  fellowship 
better  than  mutual  assistance.  Friendship  thus  sealed  by  physical 
assistance  and  cooperation  in  the  gymnasium  and  on  the  play- 
ground is  lasting. 

The  standards  to  be  striven  for  are,  to  educate  the  youth  to 
strong  efficient  citizenship ;  to  strengthen  the  body  so  as  to  best 
serve  the  mind  in  daily  toil ;  to  teach  fairness  to  all,  consideration 
for  others,  and  personal  sacrifice  for  the  good  of  the  greatest 
number ;  and  to  encourage  a  true  spirit  of  democracy. 

PHYSICAL  EDUCATION 

GIRLS 

Physical  education  is  required  the  first  two  years,  and  elec- 
tive the  last  two  years  of  the  school  course.  Two  double  periods 
per  week  are  devoted  to  it,  the  double  period  being  more  advan- 
tageous than  the  single,  in  that  it  allows  time  for  showerbaths. 

Credit  is  given  for  this  work  equal  to  that  given  for  the 
same  amount  of  time  spent  in  any  technical  subject. 

Work  for  the  girls  consists  of  games,  simple  exercises  on  the 
apparatus,  folk  and  aesthetic  dancing,  and  athletics.  Enough 
formal  gymnastics  are  given  to  afford  some  little  skill,  and  to 
help  in  the  management  and  control  of  the  class.  Special 
emphasis  is  placed  on  games  and  activities  which  will  create  in 
the  girl  a  desire  for  outdoor  exercises  and  furnish  her  with  the 
means  of  expressing  this  desire  in  some  popular  form  of  activity, 
such  as  tennis,  baseball,  skating,  swimming,  and  walking. 

Supplementing  the  class  work  in  physical  education  for  girls 
are  home  room  basket-ball,  volley  ball,  and  indoor  track  leagues ; 
and  various  school  clubs  such  as  tennis  clubs,  hikers  clubs,  bird 
clubs,  etc.,  all  tending  to  induce  the  girls  to  be  out  of  doors  as 
much  as  possible.  Through  our  home  room  leagues  we  are  able 


44  VOCATIONAL  GUIDANCE 

to  reach  a  large  number  of  girls  and  give  them  an  opportunity 
to  play  in  an  interesting  series  of  games  and  take  part  in  various 
forms  of  athletics.  These  activities  appeal  so  strongly  to  the 
girls  that  it  is  always  possible  to  secure  a  team  from  each  home 
room  to  take  part  in  any  form  of  games  or  athletics  for  which 
we  have  facilities. 

VOCATIONAL  GUIDANCE   AND   EMPLOYMENT 
DEPARTMENT 

In  the  organization  of  the  school,  each  teacher  is  assigned  a 
group  of  from  twenty  to  thirty  pupils,  distribution  being  upon  a 
geographical  basis  in  the  city.  This  group  is  known  as  a  home 
room.  These  pupils  report  each  day  of  the  four  years  to  the 
same  home  room  teacher,  who  studies  the  tastes  and  special 
abilities  of  each,  and  investigates  the  home  conditions.  This 
gives  every  pupil  an  adviser  through  and  after  the  four  years 
in  school.  During  the  first  two  years  each  pupil  is  given  some 
experience  in  each  of  several  kinds  of  work:  drawing,  cabinet 
making,  turning,  pattern  making,  foundry,  forging,  and  machine 
work.  During  this  time  the  home  room  teacher  watches  the 
growth  of  the  pupil  and  keeps  a  record  of  his  progress.  By  the 
end  of  the  second  year  the  school  adviser  or  home  room  teacher 
is  able  to  offer  valuable  suggestions  as  to  the  line  of  work  for 
which  the  pupil  seems  best  adapted.  This  information,  together 
with  the  advice  of  tl;e  parent,  the  opinion  of  the  shop  teachers, 
and  the  wishes  of  the  boy, — all  combine  to  determine  the  line  of 
specialization  for  the  last  two  years.  The  same  plan  is  followed 
for  the  girls. 

When  the  pupil  is  ready  to  leave  his  school  work,  the  voca- 
tional guidance  department  acts  as  a  clearing  house  to  bring 
together  the  boy  and  the  job  where  he  will  have  a  chance  to  do 
the  work  which  natural  ability  and  training  best  fit  him. 

ORGANIZATIONS 

The  different  organizations,  athletic,  literary,  etc.,  play  an 
important  part  in  the  life  of  the  school.  Pupils  are  encouraged  to 
join  at  least  one  of  these  organizations,  the  purpose  being  to 
control  and  develop  the  hea'tl  y  and  normal  activities  of  the  boys 
and  girls. 


EAST  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL  45 

The  athletic  association,  to  which  all  pupils  are  eligible,  is 
organized  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the  athletic  teams,  who 
enter  contests  in  foot  ball,  base  ball,  basket  ball,  track,  tennis, 
and  swimming,  with  other  schools  in  the  city. 

The  athletic  activities  of  the  school  are  not  confined  to  these 
teams,  however.  There  are  sixty-five  rooms,  with  thirty  pupils 
in  each  room,  and  each  room,  including  the  girls,  has  a  base  ball 
team.  Games  are  played  between  the  home  room  teams.  Basket 
ball  and  tennis  teams  are  organized  in  the  same  way.  There  are 
four  class  track  teams  as  well  as  a  number  of  home  room  track 
teams.  The  purpose  of  athletics  in  the  school  is  not  to  train 
excellent  teams  for  outside  contests  but  to  give  as  many  as  pos- 
sible the  opportunity  of  enjoying  the  normal  healthy  school  sports. 

Another  general  school  organization  is  the  Congress  of  Home 
Rooms.  This  consists  of  a  representative  from  each  room  and  is 
constituted  for  the  purpose  of  working  out  a  system  of  self  gov- 
ernment for  the  school. 

There  are  five  musical  clubs :  an  orchestra,  a  band,  a  mandolii 
club,  a  boys'  glee  club,  and  a  girls'  glee  club. 

There  is  a  dramatic  club,  including  boys  and  girls,  which  gives 
a  play  once  a  year ;  two  boys'  debating  societies  from  the  mem- 
bership of  which  the  contestants  in  the  interscholastic  debates  are 
chosen ;  a  girls'  literary  society,  for  the  purpose  of  doing  work 
in  the  modern  drama  and  novel.  Eligibility  to  the  literary  clubs 
is  based  on  scholarship. 

Interest  in  scientific  study  is  encouraged  by  the  organization 
of  such  societies  as  The  \Yireless,  and  The  Engineers,  The  Gar- 
goyle (architectural),  and  The  Agricultural  Club. 

Once  a  year,  during  the  Christmas  recess,  the  Alumni  Associa- 
tion meets  socially  in  the  gymnasium. 

NIGHT  SCHOOL 

One  of  the  most  important  missions  which  this  school  can 
fulfill  is  the  betterment  of  people  already  engaged  in  a  given 
occupation.  The  abolishment  of  the  apprenticeship  system  in 
the  subdivision  of  manufacturing  processes  has  made  it  practi- 
cally impossible  for  mechanics  to  secure  any  general  training 
which  will  increase  their  efficiency  and  consequently  their  earning 
power  in  their  present  positions  or  enable  them  to  fit  themselves 
for  a  better  position.  There  is  a  need  among  semi-skilled  working 


46  XKillT   SCHOOL 

classes  of  an  opportunity  for  industrial  education,  and  to  meet 
this  need  the  East  Technical  High  School  offers  trade  courses 
during  the  evening  to  men  and  women  already  employed  during 
the  day. 

The  entire  equipment  used  for  technical  instruction  in  the 
day  school  is  available  for  the  evening  classes.  Instruction  is 
offered  to  men  in  carpentry,  cabinet  making,  pattern  making, 
foundry  practice,  tool  forging,  sheet  metal  work,  machine  shop 
practice,  electrical  construction,  printing,  industrial  chemistry  and 
agriculture.  Instruction  is  also  offered  in  allied  subjects,  such  as 
machine  drawing,  architectural  drafting,  sheet  metal  drawing, 
applied  mechanics,  shop  mathematics,  business  English  and 
physical  training. 

Complete  courses  in  hand  sewing,  machine  sewing,  spring 
and  fall  millinery,  and  plain  cooking  are  available  to  women. 
Courses  in  industrial  arts  and  crafts  are  open  to  men  and  women ; 
instruction  is  offered  in  free  hand  drawing,  charcoal  and  water 
color  rendering.  Opportunity  is  offered  to  work  out  designs  in 
pottery,  leather  work,  art  metal  work,  wood  block  and  stencil. 

Evening  sessions  are  from  5  : 00  to  7 : 00  and  from  7:15  to 
9:  15  p.  m.  The  classes  are  divided  into  two  sections,  one  meet- 
ing Monday  and  Thursday  evenings,  another  meeting  Tuesday 
and  Friday  evenings.  Pupils  may  attend  one  or  more  nights  a 
week. 

The  school  year  consists  of  three  terms  of  ten  weeks,  or 
twenty  lessons  each,  with  the  opportunity  of  taking  allied  work 
without  additional  charge. 

A  fee  of  $5.00  per  term  for  tuition  and  incidental  expenses 
is  charged  each  member  of  any  class ;  $3.50  of  the  fee  is  returned 
to  all  members  who  attain  an  average  attendance  of  75  per  cent. 

Those  wishing  to  acquire  skill  in  any  one  phase  of  a  course 
or  upon  any  one  machine  will  receive  a  recommendation  card  as 
evidence  of  their  training  in  that  particular  work.  A  completion 
of  the  full  course  of  four  terms  warrants  the  issuing  of  a  cer- 
tificate of  proficiency,  and  as  a  high  standard  of  work  is  required 
such  a  certificate  is  of  distinct  value  to  the  holder.  It  means  the 
placing  in  the  hands  of  graduates  of  the  night  classes  of  the  East 
Technical  High  School  a  certificate  of  character,  workmanship 
and  industrial  intelligence. 


INDEX 


Academic  Departments,  10 

Agriculture,  32 

Aims  and  Methods,  4 

Art  Department,  39 

Art,  Applied,  39;  Domestic,  37 

Arts  and  Crafts,  41 

Botany,  Agriculture,  32;  for 
Girls,  15 

Building  and  Equipment,  2 

Cabinet  Making,  24 

Chemistry  for  Boys,  16;  for 
Girls,  18 

Civics,  13 

Clubs,  44 

Composition  and  Rhetoric,  11 

Cooking,  Vocational,  36 

Costume  Design,  40 

Course  of  Study,  General  State- 
ment of,  6;  for  Boys,  8;  for 
Girls,  9 

Daily  Session,  5 

Design,  Costume,  40 

Domestic  Art,  37 

Domestic  Science,  33 

Drawing,  Mechanical,  22; 
Trade,  23 

Dressmaking,  37 

Electrical  Construction,  30 

Employment  Department,  44 

English,  10 

Equipment  of  Building,  2 

Foods  and  Household  Manage- 
ment, 33 


Forge  Shop  Practice,  27 

Foundry,  25 

Furniture  Making,  24;  Trade,  25 

Geography,  Industrial,  14 

German,  12 

History,  12 

Historical  Statement,  1 

Household  Management,  33 

Library,  3 

Machine  Shop  Practice,  28 

Trade,  28 
Mathematics,  General,  15; 

Shop,  29 

Mechanical  Drawing,  22 
Millinery,  38 
Night  School,  45 
Organizations,  44 
Pattern  Making,  25;  Trade,  26 
Physical  Education,  Boys,  42; 

Girls,  43 

Physiology  and  Botany,  15 
Physics,  for  Boys,  19,  Girls,  20 
Printing,  31 

Purpose  of  the  School,  5 
Rhetoric,  11 
School  Year,  5 
Segregation,  4 
Sewing,  37;  Trade,  38 
Sheet  Metal  Work,  27 
Shop  Mathematics,  29 
Technical  Departments,  21 
Territory,  5 
Vocational  Guidance,  44 


